Occasional tuna treats are probably safe, but weadvise against feeding your cat tuna-based foods on a daily basis. The legacy of this great resource continues as the Merck Veterinary Manual in the US and Canada and the MSD Vet Manual outside of North America. Alternatively, your pet may seem restless and agitated if they have food poisoning. Mainly, too much fish over a long period of time could lead to mercury poisoning in cats. Many commercial cat foods have minimal levels of fish as part of their recipes, either for flavoring or perhaps because people like to feed their cats food with some fish in it, thinking its tastier for them. In addition to onions, garlic, which is 5 times as potent as onions,and chives can each cause major health and potentioanally life threatening problems. It can lead to obesity and even diabetes. Consider topics you know well and/or that will offer special interest and appeal to our readers. Cats are also susceptible to mercury poisoning, so consider choosing a cat food made with other kinds of fish. In domestic animal species, clinical signs of nervous, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive systems involvement are typical and influenced by the form, dose, and duration of exposure. If gastrointestinal tract decontamination has been successful, administration of penicillamine (50100 mg/kg per day, by mouth, for 2 weeks) may reduce clinical signs. Our turnaround response time for submissions is four weeks. Sinad had to take it a few times for UTIs, and she never had any neurological problems as a result. Cats show no such signs, but that doesn't mean they're immune to the toxic effects of mercury. Before submitting to Animal Wellness, we ask that you familiarize yourself with our publication so that you have a strong sense of the type of articles we publish. By learning which fish to avoid, which are safest to feed him, and how often you can treat him, youll minimize his exposure to this ubiquitous heavy metal. Dahlia: Mercury poisoning is pretty rare in cats, and in people. Just two teaspoons of whisky can cause a coma in a 5-pound cat, and one more teaspoon could kill it. Siouxsie: If a diagnostic test indicates that your cat has mercury poisoning, a therapy called chelation can be done to eliminate the mercury from his body. In fact, it has been found that many pet foods contain concentrations of toxic metals that far exceed the human limit values, calculated to animal-sized dosages. Cats are carnivores and need meat. We reserve the right to publish all photos in Animal Wellness Magazine, and on our website. However, your cat would have to be eating a lot of tuna to consume enough mercury to result in a toxic level of mercury in his or her body. Yes, cats can get Salmonella. The trusted provider of veterinary information since 1955, Last review/revision Apr 2021 | Modified Nov 2022. As a predatory species that eat other fish, tuna tends to accumulate higher levels of heavy metals and toxins and should not be consumed too frequently. I had a mercury blood level drawn from the younger cat but the sample was drawn two weeks after stopping the feeding of canned tuna, results were inconclusive. Aflatoxin Poisoning in Pets. And there is no antidote. Cats that are over ten years of age experience complicated side effects that could lead to total kidney failure. And never give your cat any over-the-counter medicine unless advised to do so by your vet. Symptoms of vitamin E deficiency include: 3 Things You Need to Know About a UTI in Dogs, Visiting a Cat Caf in the Happiest Country in the World, Top 3 Mushroom Extracts for Senior Dogs and Cats, Beyond Obedience: Why Your Dog Needs Behavioral Training Too, Senior Cats: Understanding the Changes that Come with Age, Learn What Ingredients Address Common Pet Health Concerns. Aflatoxins are toxins produced by the mold Aspergillus flavus that can grow on pet food ingredients such as corn, peanuts, and other grains. Paws and Effect will use the information you provide on this form to be in touch with you and to provide updates and marketing. Those foods include shellfish, tuna, king mackerel, and swordfish. Limiting the consumption of mercury-contaminated food such as fish products or water will reduce exposure. She has almost 30 years of experience in holistic modalities. These symptoms necessitate a call or trip to an emergency veterinarian. Here's what you should know about mercury poisoning in cats. The toxic agent in chocolate is theobromine. It's also in some cold medicines and painkillers. When poisoning is suspected and your cat is lying down, unconscious or weak, immediately remove your cat from the area, and transfer it to a well-ventilated and well-lit place. If youre still concerned about mercury poisoning, read on to learn more about the symptoms of mercury poisoning in cats and how you can protect your pets from the toxicity of food products that contain high levels of mercury. As for a little bit of cooked salmon skin (or tuna!) Both the EPA and FDA release fish advisories (see sidebar) for people due to health concerns about mercury, denoting that this health risk is very real. At the time, I also regularly fed my cat tuna. If you suspect your cat has been poisoned, taking quick action can make all the difference in the outcome of your pet. (2018). It could take up to four days of continuous treatment to get rid of most of the toxins circulating in the blood. Bones can also splinter and cause an obstruction or cut the insideof your cat's digestive system. Siouxsie: Please keep in mind that this information is not in any way intended to be a diagnosis. Although it isn't clear why, grapes and raisins can cause kidney failure in cats. ", PetWare web site: "Lactose Intolerance in Cats. And my cat also developed bizarre symptoms: within the space of a few months, every one of its teeth became loose and fell out, and it produced excessive saliva. Only your veterinarian can determine the cause of symptoms with diagnostic testing. Sadly, the neurological and kidney damage caused by mercury poisoning in cats is often irreversible. In one study of 20 cats poisoned by permethrin, a chemical widely used in flea control products for dogs, only one died and this was because he wasn't taken to a vet for 24 hours. Food Poisoning In Cats Symptoms. While much of the cat and dog food tested in a years-long study had concentrations of mercury that are high for chronic consumption, according to a new study published in the Elsevier journal Science of the Total Environment, the majority of the pet foods tested had mercury concentrations below suggested levels. Those foods include shellfish, tuna, king mackerel, and swordfish. Enter full name, email address, and mailing address to qualify. The townspeople called this mysterious illness the "dancing cat disease." They also noticed that there were dead fish floating on the sea and dead . If tuna is fed occasionally, its not a big deal but if you feed him tuna every day, you could be risking mercury poisoning. Pet foods designed to be fed on a regular basis are required to provide the vitamins and minerals cats need, so they will be getting the right nutrients . Euthanasia and appropriate disposal, in consultation with regulatory officials, is recommended. But just like milk isn't the best option when it comes to your cat's diet (they are obligate carnivores, afterall), fish has its limitations, too. Symptoms usually start within hours or several days of eating the food. Just as you would do for your children, put all medicines where your cat can't get to them. Mercury has always been a common cause of poisoning symptoms for both humans and cats. You may submit a maximum of two photos of each animal in your home. If you are sending your submission by regular mail, please also enclose a SASE and keep a copy of the article for your own files. Smucker Co. due to possible salmonella contamination. We will treat your information with respect. This should alarm you if your playful cat suddenly turns into a quiet one. So it's possible that mercury poisoning happens, but is not diagnosed. Patricia Jordan DVM is a 1986 graduate of the North Carolina College of Veterinary Medicine. Mercury poisoning is a scary issue that puts the life of our pets in danger. The symptoms of mercury poisoning in cats can look a lot like other reactions to poison ingestion, vitamin B1 deficiency, brain tumors, and other ailments causing neurological impairment, Stregowski says. In moderation, tuna can be a healthy treat for most cats. Vitamin A toxicity can also cause death. 300+ Cute Cat Names for Every Kind of Kitty. Creative commons photos used in posts must be shared with original artist credits intact. Symptoms of food poisoning often include upset stomach, diarrhea and vomiting. Tuna also provides the omega-3 essential fatty acids EPA and DHA, which can contribute to overall skin and coat health and may also help . In addition, an enzyme in raw fish destroys thiamine, which is an essential B vitamin for your cat. "Modern cats may develop organic mercury poisoning over time if they primarily eat cat food containing tuna, mackerel, and other types of seafood," says Jenna Stregowski, RVT and Daily Paws' health and behavior editor. Chronic exposure to mercury causes two major problems: Mercury from human pollution ends up in the air, but eventually settles into water, or onto land where it can be washed into water. Keeping food items where your cat can't get to them and keeping pantry and cupboard doors closed will help protect your cat from serious food-related illness. Is it ever too late to learn an instrument? Siouxsie: If your cat didnt start showing neurological symptoms until after he began his course of antibiotics, the symptoms may be a side effect of the medicine. Mainly, too much fish over a long period of time could lead to mercury poisoning in cats. They can get cat food poisoning. In the surviving cats, no long-term complications were reported four months after discharge. For that reason, many pet owners are forced to avoid feeding their beloved cats fish altogether. Diagnosis may be confirmed on the basis of the clinical picture, histopathologic findings and results of analysis of tissue analysis for mercury concentration. Cats can be addicted to tuna, whether it's packed for cats or for humans. Albacore tuna is high in protein and Omega-3 amino acids, which . Thomas: However, we hope weve helped you to know what questions to ask your vet when you take your cat back to the clinic. Lucky for us and our pets, mercury poisoning is less common than it once was. Symptoms of caffeine poisoning include restlessness, rapid breathing, heart palpitations, and muscle tremors. They limit the damage done by mercury and increase metabolism and thyroid function. It's incredibly nutritious and a great source of protein, omega-3 fatty acids and B vitamins. Use OR to account for alternate terms We are not veterinarians. (5) Jupiter Images Unlimited and Dorling Kindersley / Getty, (9) Jupiter Images Unlimited and Dorling Kindersley / Getty, (14)Dorling Kindersley / Getty and iStockphoto, (16)Cultura / Getty and Jupiter Images Unlimited, (17)Jupiter Images Unlimited and Photlibrary, (18)FoodPix and Dorling Kindersley / Getty, , PetEducation.com: "Foods to Avoid Feeding Your Cat. Symptoms of food poisoning can include any appetite change such as over- or under-eating or drinking, vomiting, diarrhea (often bloody), coughing, excessive saliva production, abdomen pain and panting. Cats are prone to the following foodborne illnesses: Raw meat, decomposing food, and unwashed or unpasteurized food, including canned products, can contain these unhealthy bacteria. For 100 days they fed kittens a diet of tuna that was known to be very high in mercury. Copyright 2023 Meredith Corporation. Grapes and raisins have often been used as treats for pets. Try replacing tuna-based foods with those made from fish that have lower concentrations of mercury, such as salmon. The Dangers of Mercury Poisoning in Cats: How to Safely Feed Fish to Your Feline. Not all poisonings are fatal. The FDA has not established toxic levels of heavy metals in pet foods. For organic mercury poisoning, 2.3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (10 mg/kg, by mouth, three times a day for 10 days) has been useful in dogs. Bella: Cats can develop glaucoma, a buildup of pressure inside the eyeball, which can also lead to blindness. 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC. Those symptoms are the reason mercury poisoning is also called the dancing cat disease. Some felines display weakness, drooling, and inability to urinate. Generally, the kidney is considered to be the most useful tissue diagnostically. Quickly assess your cat for signs and symptoms of illness. Stregowski says yes, and many cat-specific omega-3 supplements and fish oils are typically tested for dangerous compounds to ensure safety. We regret that photos cannot be returned. While mercury in fish and shellfish is a widespread problem, it doesnt mean you have to eliminate it entirely from your cats diet. as a treat for your adult cat, Stregowski says that's a-okay in moderation. Remember the saying, "Honest as a cat when the meat's out of reach." You can also contact the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center Phone Number, a 24/7 hotline for animal-related emergencies. These levels transformed into the cat's system easily once they feed off tuna. They may not be ready to beat you in a game of chess, but these brainy dogs are easy to train and generally eager to please you. Animals that survive may exhibit eczema, skin keratinization, anuria, polydipsia, hematuria, or melena. Food poisoning symptoms can last for days to weeks. With concerns about mercury poisoning, is it safe to give canned tuna to cats as a treat? In addition to tea and coffee -- including beans and grounds -- caffeine can be found in cocoa, chocolate, colas, and stimulant drinks such as Red Bull. As Veterinary and Human Toxicology explains, mercury poisoning can lead to glomerulonephropathy or nephrotic syndrome, which are kidney diseases. But dog food is not a substitute for cat food. Cats with vomiting and diarrhea can also suffer from dehydration, weight loss, and fever. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The damage done to the neural system is irreversible through treatment. And a cat can choke on a bone. Comprehensive guidelines reflecting the serious nature of the mercury poisoning have been established internationally by the World Health Organization and many countries for humans and animals. Both fat and bones may be dangerous for cats. Dahlia: The fluoroquinolones are powerful antibiotics that are commonly prescribed for pets. You should always check the quality of your cat's food to ensure it is not spoiled or under recall. It can also depend on the kind of food: A Brazilian study evaluating 88 local dog and cat foods found that mercury concentrations were significantly higher in canned pet food than in dry pet food. We also lack data about how much mercury is actually in tuna-based cat foods, as well as statistics about mercury levels in cats that eat those diets. A common culprit is none other than your cat's favorite snacktuna (deep breath, tuna is okay in moderation). Open a can from this Purina Friskies Oceans of Delight wet cat food variety pack, and watch your favorite feline come bounding to her dish. Insurance for dogs, cats, and other household animals can run as low as $20 a month, but that cost can add up over time. The fish and shellfish found in many cat foods are the main source of mercury exposure in felines. Metals such as lead Lead Poisoning in Animals Lead poisoning in mammalian and avian species is characterized by neurologic disturbances, gastrointestinal upset, hematologic abnormalities, immunosuppression, infertility, and renal disease read more , arsenic Overview of Arsenic Poisoning in Animals The chemical element arsenic (symbol As, atomic number 33) is a nonmetal or metalloid in group V on the periodic chart. The type of glaucoma cats get is extremely . However, a lack of treatment can cause the symptoms to become more severe and life-threatening. Their digestive system cannot process dairy foods, and the result can be digestive upset with diarrhea. Click here to view our current issue of Animal Wellness Magazine. It's quite rare for cats to get sick due to food poisoning. Chocolate can be lethal for cats. Use for phrases Peterborough, ON, Canada K9J 2T8. Different bacteria, toxins, and foods may cause varying symptoms. Consequently, these forms of mercury cause severe inflammation, ulcers, and tissue necrosis in the gastrointestinal tract. The final verdict on, "Can cats eat tuna?". However, preventing your cat from eating fish at all isnt an optimal solution. 2. Too much tuna can also increase the risk of mercury poisoning. And if you think your cat has consumed something that's toxic, call for emergency help at once. diet is the way to go because it resembles cats' natural feeding pattern. Its the cause of most of the major kidney failures. o [pig guinea] Do not, however, send book-length manuscripts. Please view our privacy policy for details on how we use your information. Sadly, I just lost both otherwise healthy cats (12 and 9 y/o) within a period of 4 months. As always, ask your trusted veterinarian about the addition of supplements to your cat's diet. Eating chocolate can cause abnormal heart rhythm, tremors, seizures, and death. We make no pretense of being veterinarians and we don't know anything about your specific cat's health or behavior history. Because the neurologic and renal damage resulting from mercury poisoning is irreversible, treatment may be ineffective. Mercury irreversibly inhibits selenium-dependent enzymes. So its possible that mercury poisoning happens, but is not diagnosed. Mercury is a metal in the form of a silvery liquid at room temperature, but it can also turn into a vapor. A good rule of thumb is to feed your kitty fish a maximum of two times a week to avoid unnecessary mercury exposure. Additionally, certain plants like rhubarb are toxic to felines, as are a handful of household products. It would subject the cat to malnutrition as fish carry multiple important vitamins for cats wellbeing. Abstract. I started giving my cat tuna can tuna for about three months every day all day and I noticed he start getting scabs around his neck really bad do you think he has mercury poisoning. As the kidney is the main target organ in which mercury accumulates, I can easily extrapolate that the high fish content in many cat foods is contributing to the large number of cases of renal disease we are now seeing in felines. It's OK to give cats tuna as a treat Alcohol. If youd like to help us pay for our hosting costs, please consider supporting our Patreon campaign or making a one-time donation through PayPal. They'll be able to assess your cat's symptoms, run lab work on their blood or feces if necessary, make a diagnosis, and start treatment. Thomas: This is still a bit on the zebra-ish side, because very few antibiotics have neurological side effects, and even for those that do have known neurological side effects, the incidence of these effects is incredibly rare. Inorganic forms of mercury bind to sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other thiol-containing molecules such as cysteine and glutathione. CAN: 202-160 Charlotte St., Peterborough, ON K9J 2T8. Concentrations in all tissues may be substantially higher after chronic exposure. At the sight of any of these symptoms, its important that you take your cat to the vet as soon as you can. Even if we were licensed vets, wed never make a diagnosis without seeing your cat and performing diagnostic tests! Dahlia: In short, the cause of your cats symptoms is likely to be something much more common (horses) than mercury poisoning (zebras). The most widely used fluoroquinolones are enrofloxacin (Baytril), ciprofloxacin (also known as cipro), orbifloxacin (Orbax) and marbofloxacin (Zeniquin). Yes, I would like to subscribe to your newsletter for information on natural health, products, and great deals! Young cats that are still in their developing stages are especially vulnerable to that kind of poisoning. They can easily develop immune-system deficiency and suffer severe symptoms. If you believe your cat has ingested mercury, contact your vet and call the Pet Poison Control Hotline at (855) 764-7661. This highly toxic form of mercury produces corrosive bronchitis and interstitial pneumonia. An occasional bite of dog food won't hurt your cat. US: 6834 S. University Blvd. I have noticed that he sometimes prefers to climb the chair arm rather than jump these days and has also objected to being touched on his back legs at times. My symptoms were quite severe. pls let me know if this is a possibility. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. You may be familiar with food poisoning, the nasty sickness that starts after ingesting something containing harmful bacteria. Chocolate has a dark side: Cocoa-based products are the items most commonly involved in food poisoning in pets, causing anything from mild problems such as tummy . RELATED: Arthritis in Cats: Signs and Treatment Options. chemical plant fed food mixed with wastewater to cats. They may be submitted either digitally (at 300dpi) or as prints or slides along with your manuscript. However, while some illnesses like Salmonella get better with time, others, such as botulism, can be fatal if they're not quickly given antitoxin. At high levels, aflatoxins . WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Disclaimer: Some of the links in this article may be affiliate links; we will earn a commision, at no additional cost to you, if you make a purchase through one of our links. Photographs, where applicable, are also encouraged. Death often occurs within hours at high levels of exposure. Send a digital photo, scanned at a minimum of 5 x 7, at 300dpi resolution in a jpeg, tif or pdf format to info@animalwellnessmagazine.com, or send a good quality hard copy original photo (not a color photocopy) to: Photo Contest, Animal Wellness Magazine My cat demands tuna and has been eating it every day for some time in addition to James Wellbeloved dry food. Stick to no more than 1 tablespoon per week for a healthy, adult cat and opt for the light tuna vs white (albacore) as it contains much less mercury. Tilefish (listed on many commercial cat food labels as ocean whitefish) are among the worst, along with tuna, king mackerel, shark and swordfish. These symptoms are typically sudden and signal that a trip to the vet is necessary. If you think your cat has eaten something toxic, call your veterinarian immediately. Alcohol is not safe for your cat. Early detection can be the difference between life and death for your feline companion. Although thoroughly researched, articles are not written or edited by a veterinarian. Siouxsie: For more information about fluoroquinolone antibiotics and side effects, check out this page on noted veterinarian Dr. Eric Barchass website. That kind of treatment aims to remove as many toxins as possible and help your cat get back on its tiny feet quickly. Can Cats Eat Albacore Tuna has a high mercury content which can cause mercury poisoning in your cat. Mercury poisoning can also disrupt fetal and early childhood development. Avoid feeding your cat table scraps, especially around the holidays, as these may contain potentially toxic ingredients. This can have a disproportionate long-term effect. But a steady diet of tuna prepared for humans can lead to malnutrition because it won't have all the nutrients a cat needs. A steady diet of dog food can cause your cat to be severely malnourished. ", University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine: "Killer Grapes and Other Concerns in Animal Poison Control. But our feline friends tend to be a lot more discriminating than your average Labrador with their consumption, both in type and quantity. Whatever the cause, it's important to recognize when they aren't feeling well so your cat can get the vat care they need. In most species, blood, kidney, brain, and feed concentrations of mercury < 0.1 mg/kg (wet wt) are considered normal. o [ canine influenza] Overview of Insecticide and Acaricide (Organic) Toxicosis in Animals. They may exhibit distress by pacing, using vocal calls, or generally acting irritated. In most cases, if your cat has eaten something bad, you'll start to see symptoms appear within a few hours. I think some people assume it is natural to feel cats tuna this is very informative! metro cat and even tried calling around the only thing I was able to get done was active charcoal IDK if that took care of it he still seems not himself?!! Cats can also be poisoned by the food they eat, not due to bacteria but because they are intolerant or allergic to the substance. The National Center for Health Research warns people with impaired kidney function that they can be harmed by mercury exposure when eating fish. Do not hesitate if you think something is wrong with your cat. Recently I was diagnosed with mercury poisoning, probably from my having eaten 7-8 cans of tuna per week over a period of nine months (I was exercising vigorously, but didnt want to include red meat in my diet, so tuna seemed a good alternative). The information at Paws and Effect is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, nor prevent any disease and is intended for educational purposes only. Mercury is linked to a large number of kidney diseases in humans. Food poisoning, a type of foodborne illness, is a sickness people get from something they ate or drank. Common poisons include human medications, insecticides, household cleaners, plants and rodenticides. Because cats are huge fans of fishtuna, in particulartheyre more susceptible to mercury poisoning than humans. Cats can consume albacore tuna if it is fed to them in a small portion. Mainly, too much fish over a long period of time could lead to mercury poisoning in cats . Ingesting a drug prescribed for humans is one of the most common causes of poisoning in cats. From dangerous plants to household cleaners, many everyday items can lead to poisoning. These symptoms can appear within hours or days. In humans, symptoms of methylmercury poisoning may include peripheral vision impairment, sensory disturbances (pins and needles), lack of coordination, muscle weakness, and problems with speech, hearing and walking. Copyright 2023 Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA and its affiliates. Usually cataracts are pretty obvious because they make the eyeball look cloudy. This veterinarian-reviewed article goes over the causes and symptoms of food poisoning in cats. to qualify. thank you very much. Copyright 2019 JaneA Kelley/Paws and Effect; all rights reserved. We pay for unlimited rights only. This highly toxic form of mercury produces corrosive bronchitis and interstitial pneumonia. Fossil fuels represent an important environmental source of mercury. 2. This is why is is so imperative to take the cat to a specialist. In the rare case that your cat recently ingested a large amount of inorganic mercury, for example by ingesting a button cell battery, your vet can administer activated charcoal and other agents that can prevent absorption by the body. "Modern cats may develop organic mercury poisoning over time if they primarily eat cat food containing tuna, mackerel, and other types of seafood," says Jenna Stregowski, RVT and Daily Paws' health and behavior editor. All Rights Reserved. Both organizations advise limiting fish intake and choosing fish species that are lower in mercury. Common neurologic manifestations include blindness, ataxia, incoordination, tremors, abnormal behavior, hypermetria, nystagmus (cats), and tonic-clonic convulsions. Be sure to include your name, address, phone number, FAX number and/or e-mail address on your manuscript. I had been feeding them canned tuna (always mixed with canned chicken, canned cat food and pureed baby food vegetables (green beans, pumpkin or squash) for about two years. this link is to an external site that may or may not meet accessibility guidelines. "Cats should not eat chocolate, caffeine, xylitol (the sugar-free agent in gum), macadamia nuts, onions, garlic, chives, grapes and raisins ," Dr. Irish said. Im concerned that he may have mercury poisoning as I have given him tuna on a regular basis. Now my cats immediate symptoms are resolved, but he is left with what seem to be neurological problems including balance disturbance and pupils oddly dilated. Yes, unfortunately, cats can get mercury poisoning just like other animals - including humans - can. There are many ways that cats can get poisoned by ingesting things commonly found around the home. Interesting. This can be a challenge, because tuna is a common ingredient in many cat foods, and cats tend to be very particular about which foods theyll eat. And, a small amount can make a cat ill. That's because alcohol has the same effect on a cat's liver and brain that it has on humans. Unlike organophosphates (OPs), carbamates are not structurally complex. In fact, many commercial cat foods contain tuna as an ingredient. 2. They both died within about 3 months of their first symptoms of weight loss. It's important to note that kittens and older senior cats are especially prone to poisoning due to their weakened immune systems. Cats can not only get drunk, but it can also easily cause severe liver . This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. There are a lot of fish in the seabut which are safe for your cat to eat and how . Inorganic forms of mercury are cytotoxic and highly corrosive. The vet prescribed antibiotic prophylactically. Advanced cases may be characterized by depression, anorexia, proprioceptive defects, total blindness, paralysis, with high mortality.
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