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Although primarily a station car, my parents also took it on a vacation through New England. The challenge of designing the Mini was engineering a car that would seat four passengers and their luggage in a package not to exceed ten feet in length. By 1964, BMC had built over one million front wheel drive vehicles, including over 800,000 Minis and over 200,000 ADO16s, and over a third were exported. Austin Healey Sprites , 3000s Austin Americas, MG Midget, MGAs MGBs Mg 1100s I had many of each model. In conjunction with Issigonis work, Lord contracted Pininfarina to lead the styling of BMCs new cars, starting with the conventionally engineered Austin A40 Farina in 1958. BMC made cuts of 6,000 in the labour force almost overnight and without consultation, whilst Lord noted the sales of the imported European bubble cars. William Morris (Lord Nuffield) didnt like it, naming it the poached egg and expressed no appreciation of it to Issigonis, until 1951 when 100,000 cars had been built. It was, though, used on the postwar MG Y Type saloons. Updates? A truly great man and an honour for me. At the time of his retirement, 71, hatchbacks were not the thing they were 4 years later. Alec Issigonis, or more formally Sir Alexander Arnold Constantine Issigonis CBE FRS RDI* (1906 1988), is best known as the creator of the Mini, but he also designed two other cars that have featured on CC and that are amongst the best-selling cars in British motoring history the Morris Minor and the Austin-Morris 1100 (ADO16). I hardly ever drove a Mini or an 1100, but many miles of driving a Landcrab made me understand why it was so very good, in spite of some engineering shortcuts. He attended Londons Battersea Polytechnic before entering the University of London External Programme. His father died in 1922, at which point he and his mother moved to the U.K.. He died in October 1988, aged 82. He became the engineering director of the British Motor Corporation in 1964, and was . By early 1957, prototypes were running, and by mid-1957 the project was given an official drawing office project number (ADO15) so that the thousands of drawings required for production could be produced. As his father studied in London, being an engineer, the family were British subjects and were thus evacuated to Malta by the Royal Navy in September 1922, ahead of the Great Fire of Smyrna at the end of the . On his side, Issigonis built a large model railway in the double garage that ran out through the walls and around the garden. An engineering genius and godfather of of the Mini. O interesse pelo automvel veio aos 12 anos, quando ele viu um pela primeira vez. Humber was the upscale brand of the Rootes Group, but also the name of the main car building company in the Group. Issigonis never married; most accounts suggest that he was probably gay but he was obviously unable to express himself without huge risk to his professional status and even the risk of prosecution. Sounds like his stubbornness had a lot in common with Henry Ford and his reluctance to move on from the Model T. Imagine trying to take him seriously when he declared an uncomfortable driver is an alert driver. Plenty of space and comfort in the back, as I recall, but my fathers Rover P6 was much more stylish. It certainly appeared by the Maxi development era that Issigonis wanted to "do his own thing" as cost cutting and development costs spiraled. Issigonis's mother, Hulda Prokopp, was descended from a Bavarian brewing family who had settled in Smyrna, and established a brewery. Born Alexandros Arnoldos Konstantinos Issigonis on the 18th of November, 1906, Alexander Issigonis' family were part of the Greek community in the port city of Smrna. Did they aim to build in greater volume, to compete with emerging brands such as Jaguar, or did they retreat further upmarket or even entirely into other activities? ALEC ISSIGONIS Automotive Designer (1906-1988) One of the most original car designers of the modern era, ALEC ISSIGONIS (1906-1988) is best known as the creator of the Mini, but also designed two more of the five best-selling cars in British motoring history - the Morris Minor and the Austin 1100. . Are you sure Renault had transverse-engine hatchbacks by 1974? That is how many of us know about these cars or about many 1960s British cars, in general. He would attend the usual motor shows, but often would refuse to look in detail at the competition, so he did not become confused. Issigonis never had any input into MG sports cars or the large, rear drive saloons BMC were still building the late 1960s, and the Austin 3 Litre, based on Issigoniss Austin 1800 was driven by George Harriman. Decades later, despite enormous further developments, the vehicle has lost none of its initial charm. He was involved in engine design as well, requesting unsuccessfully that BL build 4 and 6 cylinder engines for Mini variants. However, at the end of 1956, following fuel rationing brought about by the Suez Crisis, Issigonis was ordered by Lord to bring the smaller car, XC/9003, to production as quickly as possible. They paid him to design a tractor safety cab after their own designers had 3 attempts and we built 3 failures. He remained on the BL books as a consultant until 1988, shortly before his death. The car was launched at the 1948 London Motor Show, alongside the Land Rover and Jaguar XK120, and the rest is pure CC history. After briefly working elsewhere in the early 1950s, Issigonis returned to what had become the British Motor Corp., where in 1959, in response to the Suez energy crisis (1956) and the popularity of Germanys Volkswagen Beetle, he introduced the Mini. He worked on various projects for Morris through the war and towards its end started work on an advanced post war car codenamed Mosquito that became the Morris Minor, which was produced from 1948 until 1971. Sketch by the late Sir Alec Issigonis, of the original Morris Minor, circa 1946. Unfortunately I didnt turn out quite as brilliant, but I like to think I missed out some of the stubbornness/arrogance as well. His mother was from Bavaria. Morris Minor 1000s , Dropheads, Travelers , Panel Van, and Pick up trucks. Issigonis's own automotive career as a designer and engineer in England first took shape during the early 1930s when he began working for the vehicle manufacturer . I remember the Austin America when new, not an impressive car to me in any way . It was as modern and progressive in 1948 as the ADO16 Morris 1100 was in 1962, and let down only by the relatively weak and old side valve engine. But fearful that his freedom would be curbed in such a large company, Issigonis resigned from BMC and went to work for the much smaller Alvis company. He didnt give a damn about the poor sods who had to work on his cars. This strong streak of fierce independence and lack of compromise hid his lateral approach to the design and engineering of cars. Issigonis also devised a compact suspension system made of rubber cones instead of springs to keep the wheel wells from intruding into the passenger compartment. When he officially retired from BLMC in November 1971, Issigonis was retained by BLMC on an exclusive consultancy agreement, signed off by and reporting to the Chairman, Donald Stokes. I fist saw a Mini on my way to middle school in 1965. Issigonis was born on 18 November 1906 in the Ottoman port city of Smyrna, the only child of Constantine Issigonis and Hulda Prokopp. Not sure how true it is, but I read somewhere that he even designed the ashtrays for the Minor. Issigonis had the dream of becoming an automobile engineer at an early age. Discover what happened on this day. Most events entered were sprints, but he also raced at circuits. [3] Whilst he is most famous for his creation of the Mini, he was most proud of his participation in the design of the Morris Minor. Sort By: Better Essays. Sir Alec was a combination of everything that was right AND wrong about the British car industry in his day. In the face of all this mayhem, Mrs. Issigonis decided to migrate with Alex to Britain, a land neither knew. He was a complex man, with a complex background, family story and career. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. I saw this tiny car among the Buicks Oldsmobiles Mercurys and Chevrolet Impalas that were the usual fare. The suspension was also of advanced design, with trailing arm front suspension attached to a steel cross-member, and swing axle rear, all with rubber springs made of catapult elastic. Issigonis customer in this case was Maurice Wilks, later the man behind the Land Rover. Was it to be water or air cooled? Sir Alec Issigonis is best remembered for the Austin Mini - a car that revolutionised the small car package and probably saved the British Motor Corporation at the same time. His retirement gift from the company was the largest available Meccano set, complete with a steam engine. It really showed up typical RWD cars of the time as being great space-wasters. Autokonstrukteur, GBPortrt mit Zigarette- 1959. View 6 Images. Alec Issigonis and Dr Alex Moulton, the creator of Hydrolastic and Hydragas suspension, with a Morris 1100, circa 1962. The task: a car with lots of space inside with minimum dimensions outside, seats for four passengers, impeccable driving characteristics, superior fuel economy, and a very affordable price. While much derided for its lack of style, I do love the huge smile he put on the front of the original 1800 Landcrab. To get to this point wasnt easy. And I myself have engineered a few things with the help of Jack Daniels . November 18, 1906 Car designer Alec Issigonis, the man who gave the world the Mini, was born in Turkey on this day to a Greek father and Bavarian mother. Astrologers and astronomers could only work with planets visible to the eye. Salary, Married, Wedding, Spouse, Family Sir Alexander Arnold Constantine Issigonis, CBE, FRS, RDI (18 November 1906 - 2 October 1988) was a Greek-British designer of cars, now remembered chiefly for the groundbreaking and influential . All I know is, which car I would rather be in driving if there was any tricky situation [], DAILY MIRROR By Richard Sear No man looks less designed to start off the cult of the miniature. Sir Alec Issigonis hadn't even seen a car until he was 12 years old. Sir Alec Issigonis, in full Sir Alexander Arnold Constantine Issigonis, (born Nov. 18, 1906, Smyrna [now zmir], Tur.died Oct. 2, 1988, Birmingham, Eng. Ford clinging to the T too long was the same sort of corporate inertia that had VW clinging to the Bug too long. Excellent article. Young Alec grew up in a very affluent environment, with influences from Germany and Greece (he grew up speaking German and Greek), rather than Turkey and Britain. . Alec Issigonis is a famous Entrepreneur. An advanced 4-speed fully automatic transmission was offered in these that lived in the sump and shared the engine oil, just like the manual gearbox. Issigonis was knighted in 1968, 1955 Morris Minor: Britains Favorite Car Bar None, And Rightly So, Austin Seven (Mini): The Future Started Here. Dear Mr Day I have not met you but I feel I must write to explain a few points. I got to drive his Red mini when I went for fish and chips on a Friday. Learn more. John Sheppard spent 20 years working with [], Richard Aucock 40 years ago this month, Sir Alec Issigonis, creator of Britains best-selling motoring icons, retired The creator of the original Mini, the Morris Minor, the Austin Maxi and [], Motor magazine, August 1962 WHY IS THE ADO16? The Minor was, of course, a huge success, for Nuffield and for Issigonis. Alec Issigonis Popularity Most Popular Born in 1906 First Name Alec #31 #1 Entrepreneur Born in Turkey #2 Alec Issigonis Is A Member Of Born In 1906 Entrepreneurs First Name Alec Scorpios 8050 Alec Issigonis Way, Oxford Business Park North, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX4 2HW. In March 1957 Lord asked (more likely told, as Lord did not do asking) Issigonis to come up with something to compete with them. Yes, it ran like hell when operable as the owner treated it like an Army Jeep. This page is updated often with fresh details about Alec Issigonis. He was appointed to this post by Lords successor, Sir George Harriman, who was even more in awe of him than Lord was, but also was even more unable to control and guide Issigonis. Given his disrupted education, unusual background and the tough economic times that were the late 1920s, finding a job was not easy, but in 1928, and by now a British citizen in his own right, Issigonis took his first job in the motor industry, for Edward Gillett in London, through a networking contact he had made at Battersea. Issigonis showed little interest in things mechanical until he was well into his teens, not riding in a car until he was 14 years old, and was seemingly more interested in art, under the strong influence of his mother. He failed his degree course but gained a diploma in Mechanical Engineering, at the third attempt, in 1928. Corrections? The Axis Powers? Alec Issigonis: The Man Who Made the Mini, Sir Alec Issigonis, 81; Designer of Minicar And Morris Minor. The suspension was trailing arms at the front, attached to a steel cross-member, and a swing axle rear, all with rubber springs made of catapult elastic. He showed that cars could be practical and pleasant to ride in and drive, and that size was not everything; he defined the template for the small petrol engined car for 50 years, maybe longer, and showed how modest cars could become wish list items, attracting customer such as Enzo Ferrari. Alec Issigonis's mother was German, and it was on her side of the family that he was a first cousin once removed to automobile engineer and executive manager Bernd Pischetsrieder. Meanwhile from 1930, he raced a supercharged Ulster Austin Seven, and fitted it with an independent front suspension of his own design. Alec Issigoniss mothers name is unknown at this time and his fathers name is under review. It was at Alvis that Issigonis first worked with another of the influential characters of his career. Zodiac Sign: Alec Issigonis was a Scorpio. I saw one, in 79 or 80, sold here as the MG Sports Sedan. It was the highlight of my career and came early as I was just 18 years old and just an apprentice engineer for a tractor company. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). . And his father, a Greek by origin and British by nationality, had inherited a marine engine construction company, an activity that fascinated little Alec. Dr.Ing. He was a race car driver during the 30's and 40's. He left Morris in 1952 for Alvis just as BMC was created from Austin and Morris (as well as Riley, Wolseley and MG).. A more powerful engine, bigger brakes and a few tuning tweaks later, the Classic Mini Cooper 997 was introduced. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Issigonis designed the most enduring small cars of the twentieth century, the Morris Minor (1948) and the Mini (1959) - a testament to his insistence that 'styled' cars dated quickly. Oxbotica Toronto Office. In 1968, he was appointed as Director of Advanced Research of the newly formed British Leyland, and Harry Webster from Triumph became BLMCs Engineering Director. This was partly because of the cost but also because in 1953 Ford bought Briggs UK operations and 1954 BMC bought Fisher & Ludlow. When I was in grade school in the mid-70s, the next door neighbor of my best friend had 6 Minis. Post FROM OUR MIDLAND CORRESPONDENT BIRMINGHAM, Nov. 13 The name of the man who will head the British Motor Corporations new amalgamated design unit when []. The war prevented this design from going into production but it was later used on the MG Y-type. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Alec is . 2939 Words; 12 Pages; 6 Works Cited; Essay on The Pure Voice in Hardy's Tess of the d'Urbervilles This guilt convinces Tess that she must now travel to the D'Urbervilles' home and claim kin with them. Alec Issigonis was already known for his popular and respected Morris Minor. This is the main reason Lord re-hired Issigonis. Comprehensive article. Upon meeting Alec, she is shy and ashamed . My appreciation of Issigonis designs really came when Auntie Merle traded her Austin A30 (horrible car) for a Morris 1100. In 1934 Issigonis was invited to join the drawing office at Humber Ltd in Coventry. From 1925-1928 he studied engineering at Battersea Polytechnic in London. This generation experienced much of their youth during the Great Depression and rapid technological innovation such as the radio and the telephone. I remember being quite put off by the sound of the engine seemingly racing to maintain 45mph. A series engine, with gearbox beneath and side mounted radiator. He also took his lunch with the workers in the local pub and travelled to this in our Bedford crew bus with wooden bench seats. Alec's mother, Hulda Prokopp, could trace her origins back to Wrttemberg (now part of Germany). MINI, official partner of Team GB and ParalympicsGB, has unveiled its new London 2012 special, Keith Adams Well, Christmas and Boxing Day are out of the way and the, The replacement for the Austin-Healey 3000 never took off, thanks in part to a poor, British Motor Holdings the joining of BMC and Jaguar, The cars : Mini (ADO15) development story Part One, Concepts and prototypes : BMC 9X (1968-87), Blog : Why the Italians beat us to a supermini by a decade, History : The Road to Perdition Part One, Interview : Alec Issigonis on the BMC 1100, Archive : Mini Shortlisted For Car Of The Century, Archive : Mini still sold at a loss. 41 Copy quote. 18 November 1906 2 October 1988", Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, " Alec Issigonis | Automotive Hall of Fame", Alec Issigonis Automotive Designer (19061988), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alec_Issigonis&oldid=1135124708, This page was last edited on 22 January 2023, at 19:54. Copyright 2023. Sir Alexander Arnold Constantine Issigonis was born in Smyrna, on November 18, 1906 and he is the man who designed one of the most beloved cars in the world, the legendary Mini Cooper! Aos 16 mudou-se para Inglaterra onde iria cursar engenharia. Constantine was very proud of his British citizenship and Alec grew up in a traditional British type of household. Having failed his mathematics exams three times, subsequently declaring it 'the most uncreative subject you can study',[3] Issigonis decided to enter the University of London External Programme to complete his university education. Another Mini!). In later years, the car would become known simply as the Mini. Thanks for a wonderfully researched article! Hulda Issigonis then returned to Malta, leaving sixteen year old Alec alone in London, returning only after Constantine had died. Enter the length or pattern for better results. It was also a specialist low volume producer of expensive, exclusive sports saloons cars not now associated with Issigonis and was at the same crossroads that so many smaller, upscale producers had been. He was reluctant to consider features such as large boots or hatchbacks, or engine access, as important. 104 Alec Issigonis Photos and Premium High Res Pictures - Getty Images Images Images Creative Editorial Video Creative Editorial FILTERS CREATIVE EDITORIAL VIDEO 104 Alec Issigonis Premium High Res Photos Browse 104 alec issigonis stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. On a cheerier note, Id love to see that Alvin on the flesh. An image from the 1964 Racing Car Show in the aftermath of the Mini's first Monte Carlo Rally win. By 1941, Issigonis had started work on an advanced post war car, then codenamed Mosquito, which became the Morris Minor. Alec Issigonis. Prior to his death, Alec and his mother travelled overland to London. By placing an A series four cylinder engine transversely with the gearbox underneath in the sump and sharing the oil, and moving the wheels to the corners, he saved so much space that it was possible to accommodate a four seat car within a length of 10 feet. Demosthenis's son (Alec's father) Constantine Issigonis (Greek: ), was born, with British nationality, in Smyrna in 1872. I wouldnt say Day was offended but took it as evidence that Issigoniss time has passed and that the value Rover were getting from the consultancy was minimal, and it was effectively indulging Issigonis, something Turnbull and Donald Stokes could afford t0 do (and knew looked rational) in 1970. SOL 258H is the oldest surviving gearless car and was the preferred transport of Sir Alex Issigonis. The cars quickly found their way to the scrapheap since the cost of repairing the automatic transmission typically was more than the car was worth. Rover used the freewheel extensively, on cars and Land Rovers, into the 1960s. Alec Issigonis The public don't know what they want; it's my job to tell them. His name will always be associated with the Morris Minor and the Mini, but he was a complex man with a complex background, family, story and career. Issigonis' creation was remarkable, but it really only became a Mini when he got a little help from his friend, motorsport pioneer John Cooper. Mr. Front-Wheel Drive: Sir Alec Issigonis . Alec Issigonis (Sir Alexander Arnold Constantine Issigonis) was born in Smyrna in the Ottoman Empire (now Izmir, Turkey). As you know I was away when the little ceremony took place to mark your retirement and I have, of [], Sir Alec Issigonis, designer of the Mini, among other cars, is to remain design consultant with British Leyland after he goes into semi-retirement at the end of the month. Alexander Arnold Constantine Issigonis was born into the Greek city of Smyrna (now zmir) in the Ottoman Empire. George Harriman, Leonard Lord and Alec Issogonis. Whos the richest Entrepreneur in the world? He was born on November 18, 1906 and his birthplace is Turkey. Issigonis was dismissive of market research, The public dont know what they want; its my job to tell them and even mathematics, derided as the enemy of every truly creative man. And the result was the creation of more than just an economical car. This car was remarkably light, weighing less than 600lb. There was a long drive way that ran along the school cafeteria that parents used to drop off students in the morning. In 1936, he moved to Morris Motors Limited at Cowley working on an independent front suspension system for the Morris 10. Lords instruction was the one Issigonis had been waiting for, and he quickly developed the first Mini prototype. Great write about a very clever guy, but he was wrong an uncomfortable driver is an irritable driver who fatigues rather more quickly, The Landcrab while being comfortable to ride in as a passenger is not so nice to drive nor are the smaller cars from BMC, there are many surviving ADO16s here and NZ is still the Morris Minor capital of the world they will never become rare here and for that matter neither will real Minis but 1800s and Maxis are quite thin on the ground already yet were popular new they werent very durable though, and the last Princess Ive seen is a rusty example outside the British car museum at Te Awanga, Personally having driven all his ideas the Morris Minor was his best one that saw production, I got my first car licence in a Morry Thou. Later, he was working on an independent suspension for the larger Humber Hawk, with another rising star in the industry, Bill Heynes. Alviss options for body shell production were being reduced, at the same as the estimated costs of the body manufacture doubled. Issigonis became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1967 and was knighted in 1969. Sir Alec Issigonis started his career at Humber, known for their Humber Snipe and Humber Hawk models, even Queen Elizabeth II owned a Humber. On the right is Alec Issigonis and standing next to him is John Cooper. Issigonis returned to BMC to design a range of family vehicles. Birth Name: Alec Issigonis Occupation: Entrepreneur Place Of Birth: Turkey Date Of Birth: November 18, 1906 Date Of Death: October 2, 1988 Cause Of Death: N/A Ethnicity: Unknown Nationality: Greek Alec Issigonis was born on the 18th of November, 1906. One thing that I learnt the hard way well not the hard way, the easy way when youre designing a new car for production, never, never copy the opposition, declared Issigonis, when asked to summarise his approach to car design. Iconic. Sixty years ago today . Ive often wondered how its 35 horses managed the Berkshires . Alec Issigoniss birth sign is Scorpio and he had a ruling planet of Pluto. Issigonis 'response was dry and forceful:'I'm an engineer. As a Morris Minor owner I appreciated it . His mother was from Bavaria. Humber were more interested in the sales engineer than his product, and Issigonis moved to Humber in 1933. Nearly $1900 was pretty stiff pricing for a car that size in the mid 60s, $150 more than a Bug. Sir Alec Issigonis. His family had to flee Smyrne to es- cape the genocide of 1922 by the Turks. At Alvis, Issigoniss main task was to lead the development of a more affordable, higher volume luxury car. In August 1959 the car was launched as the Morris Mini Minor and the Austin Seven, which soon became known as the Austin Mini. He would instead research work on his Mini replacement the 9X with its compact transverse engine. He was also referred to as the Greek God, perhaps more openly. Nice to see that blue Morris Oxford just the same as our first car that I remember. Morriss chief engineer, A V (Vic) Oak, recognised that Issigoniss greatest asset was his imagination but also noted that it needed to be guided firmly but carefully to bring out the best of it. Our tool for managing your permission to our use of cookies is temporarily offline. Alvis had a strong military business building armoured cars and personnel carriers, and this part of the business is still going strong as part of BAE Systems. (The Maxi, by comparison, was a bland lump.). In 1928 his first job was in the design office of Gillett, an engineering firm in London. Even more significantly, it effectively defined the configuration of the small and medium car for the next 50 years. File nella categoria "Alec Issigonis" Questa categoria contiene 5 file, indicati di seguito, su un totale di 5. His last Morris projects were the 1953 Morris Oxford and Isis saloons, launched after the BMC merger, and which used the BMC B series engine. Alexander Arnold Constantine Issigonis was born into the Greek community of Smyrnain Ottoman Turkey. But his true interest was in the 9X and its power unit, and getting a version of it accepted by BL. There was no radio fitted as he thought it would distract the driver. . But beneath this surface, he was a sensitive and more vulnerable person, and was almost certainly (and inexcusably) the subject of some intolerance and prejudice from the UK born staff. A reliable car with excellent steering and cornering qualities, it was the first all-British car to pass the one million mark in sales; surviving models are still cherished by owners and collectors. This undated sketch by Issigonis shows some of this. Issigonis's mother, Hulda Prokopp, was descended from a Bavarian brewing family who had settled in Smyrna, and established a brewery. For his accomplishments, Queen Elizabeth knighted Issigonis in 1969. Lord was looking for modernity, but he was also looking for commonality of engines, good quality design and cars good enough to be amongst the best in their class and internationally competitive. His grandfather Demosthenis Issigonis . It is really amazing, when you think of it, that some 60 years later his basic vision rolls off of assembly lines all over the world. Oxford Office. I am well acquainted with the brilliant/stubborn/arrogant type of engineer, I have occasionally served as a Daniels, and my own brilliant/stubborn/arrogant Grandfather could have probably used one too. Issigonis grandfather, Demosthenis Issigonis, had emigrated from Paros in Greece to Smyrna (as Izmir was then known) in the mid 19th century where his engineering company helped the British built the Smyrna-Aydn Railway, and through this acquired British citizenship. [8], With the creation of British Leyland in 1969, new chairman Lord Stokes quickly sidelined Issigonis and made him into what was termed "Special Developments Director", replacing him with Harry Webster as the new Technical Director (Small/Medium cars). However, as we all know, it was no profit-maker for BMC and, during its hyper-successful first decade on the market, its maker cruelly and criminally failed to develop the concept into something that the customers truly wanted a hatchback. with 8 letters was last seen on the March 01, 2023.We found 20 possible solutions for this clue. The Royal Navy Marines evacuated British Subjects, including the Issigonis family, from Smyrna before Turkey attacked. Independence is one of their greatest strengths, but sometimes they're overly frank with others. Issigonis was excused service in the armed forces and remained at Cowley working on military vehicles of various types, including a very basic compact load carrier often described as a motorised wheelbarrow intended for use in jungle conditions together with an amphibious version designed for use by the Royal Navy. . In 1961, with the Mini gaining popularity, Issigonis was promoted to Technical Director of BMC. It was designed to follow on from the Mini and 1100 as the next generation . . The ease of driving it, attributable to Issigoniss careful and thoughtful suspension and steering design, as well as the comparatively low weight of the car, were factors in that as well as the comfort and space it provided.