Bragg, S, Renold, E, Ringrose, J, and Jackson, C. 'More Than Boy, Girl, Male, Female': Exploring Young People's Views on Gender Diversity within and beyond School Contexts. A public health lens reveals that much school uniform garment design and use policy negatively affects the poor, girls, religious and ethnic minorities, and gender-diverse students. The Educator Online (2017). 6(2):12749. In their study of 39 PISA countries, Baumann and Kriskova [21] identify five main geographic/sociocultural groupings where uniform wearing is common: an Anglo-Saxon cluster (United Kingdom, NZ, Australia, United States), Asia, East Asia (South Korea, Japan), the Americas (e.g., Mexico), and Europe. The third group were non-empirical studies. It seems for very poor students, school uniform requirements may simply become something else to worry about, but for others uniform removes a barrier to fitting in. Braun, A, Ball, SJ, and Maguire, M. Policy Enactments in Schools Introduction: towards a Toolbox for Theory and Research. Hopkins, D, and Mandic, S. Perceptions of Cycling Among High School Students and Their Parents. School Uniforms Are on the Rise Even for Toddlers and Its Changing Back-To-School Shopping [Internet]. Uniforms and Appearance. 10. It is a sad irony that these are the very groups who could benefit most from the equitable access to education that uniform is supposed to facilitate. It may enhance school security, and influence schools broader educational and socialization goals. THE ROLE OF NON - GOVERN ME NTAL ORGANISATIONS (NGOS) IN EXPANDING ACCESS TO AND PARTICIPATION IN BASIC EDUCATION IN THE BONGO DISTRICT. DeRaedt Banks, S, Orsborne, J, Gezan, SA, Kaur, H, Wilder-Smith, A, Lindsey, SW, et al. Worldwide, for the very poorest students, the cost of a uniform may be prohibitive, creating a barrier to education before the students even arrive on school grounds [83, 105107, 109112, 114116, 137]. Wis L Rev (2001). For instance studies such as Hopkins [51], Norrish et al. In cases of disagreement about garment design or uniform policy and where institutional policy or social norms do not provide a solution, human rights law has been invoked to help reconcile different rights and values. doi:10.1080/16823206.2012.692211. [Internet] (1989). Finance program offered at the Institute for Law and Finance (ILF), Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Further, public health sees education and health as mutually reinforcing and intrinsically linked. 38. In New Zealand, a survey of parents [115] found school uniform cost is a significant burden for poorer families. 105. Neutrally, uniform can both increase and decrease bullying. She is on par with Jackie Robinson in terms of challenging racism, ignorance, prejudice and stereotypes through her athletic prowess, integrity, composure and intelligence. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-09-2015-0118. Paradoxically, for some students, uniform creates a barrier to education that it was originally instituted to remedy. Gasson, NR, Pratt, K, Smith, JK, and Calder, JE. [Internet]. The article shows that public health offers a new perspective on and contribution to debates and rationales for school uniform use. 34(2):416. It appears that uniforms place a physical restriction and price premium on girls, and policy does not routinely consider gender diverse students. 30(1):3849. The literature identified indicates that uniforms have no direct impact on academic performance, yet directly impact physical and psychological health. 114. Female Student Wins in Fight to Wear Pants How Does the Equal Opportunity Act Apply to School Uniforms? Stanley, RM, Boshoff, K, and Dollman, J. Voices in the Playground: A Qualitative Exploration of the Barriers and Facilitators of Lunchtime Play. in one study in Ecuador [113]. Further, why are known problems in uniform policy and design not addressed? doi:10.1080/03057925.2017.1369002, 106. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33847249054&doi=10.1007%2Fs10691-006-9033-y&partnerID=40&md5=31bd25f153a2bbd5d961a3596ca13784. Dep Educ (2015). [116] reported how uniform cost created such a barrier to education that the state changed its clothing grant policy to help ease the financial burden on families. In the United States, Da Costa [35] highlights the economic burden on the poor of buying a school uniform. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9752.2007.00576.x, 73. J Philos Educ (2007). 91. In their view, the human right to equal treatment is enhanced by removing outward signs of social differences [36, 89]. Differential treatment by gender is underpinned by historical and some current thought, though it is rarely discussed in relation to uniform. Looking at the United States, Ahrens [102] notes that in the 1970s uniform was of great constitutional concern (impinging of First Amendment right of freedom of expression), whereas nowadays few legal or constitutional problems with uniform are discussed, possibly because the overwhelming concern is student safety; the importance of identifying intruders outweighs concern over freedom of expression [103]. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85013139576&doi=10.1080%2F10656210609485000&partnerID=40&md5=5c760f61823a116a1b57699e4f09311b doi:10.1080/10656210609485000. Meadmore, D, and Symes, C. Keeping up Appearances: Uniform Policy for School Diversity? U15 Futures School Games Open Trials - Now closed for School Games 2022 U15 Loughborough Lightning Experience Hub Trials - Now closed for 22/23 . Further, dominant societal values are the lens through which human rights and other implicit and explicit values are projected. 112. First, this section examines the proximate educational and health impacts of uniform garments and uniform policy on students to determine whether there are immediate health or education impacts of uniform use or policy. [Internet]. Financial and political economies are projected onto uniform policy and garment design. School Experiences of Transgender and Gender Diverse Students in Australia. Third, despite common belief, uniform has no empirically supported impact on enhancing a feeling of belonging to a school [85]. Positively, uniform removes the psycho-social barrier of competitive dressing. Acceptability of Impregnated School Uniforms for Dengue Control in Thailand: A Mixed Methods Approach. Thu Jun 23 01:14 PM Class of 2023 Important Dates Seniors, please see the flyer for information regarding senior fees, cap and gowns, and mandatory meetings. Data on freedom of expression is equivocal. Within schools, uniforms reinforce institutional culture, signaling school values to students [80], thereby identifying the wearer with objectives beyond the self. Unflattering or revealing (sports) uniforms may deter students from participating in sport. Texts were de-duplicated, yielding 197 texts. Case 202 - A School Is Using Health and Safety as the Explanation for Their Policy on Pupils Not Being Allowed to Wear Jewellery [Internet]. 14(4):292302. 58(2):22960. 23(6):84774. The Design and Manufacture of Municipal and School Uniforms for a Northeastern Thai Municipality. 127.Community Law Wellington and Hutt Valley. Further, articles of all types (including commentaries) were included because this research focused on evidence about uniform use, rather than the quality of that evidence. Keywords: school uniform, public health, equity, health impacts, education impacts, human rights, Citation: Reidy J (2021) Reviewing School Uniform through a Public Health Lens: Evidence about the Impacts of School Uniform on Education and Health. Happel [87] argues that because skirts allow for exposure of underwear, buttocks, and genitals, girls are taught modesty/immodesty through a garment. Similarly, Firmin et al. 18(1):18. Girls are thus objectified because they have to curb their behavior because of anothers gaze. This is unsupported by evidencethere is no direct link between uniform and academic achievement [33]. Nonetheless, it appears that uniform may contribute to an environment that fosters academic achievement. Wearing Long Pants while Working Outdoors in the Tropics Does Not Yield Higher Body Temperatures. Educ Urban Soc (2003). Studies from the United States in the early 2000s [23, 24] note a positive correlation between uniform wearing and academic achievement (e.g., Bodine [25]). This situation begs questions as to availability of evidence for school uniform use, its effects on educational or health outcomes, and the underlying rationales for school uniform use. Tozan, Y, Ratanawong, P, Louis, VR, Kittayapong, P, and Wilder-Smith, A. 29(1). Other ideas suggest that uniform allows students to rebel in safe confines [81]. The Long Beach Unified School District Uniform Initiative: A Prevention-Intervention Strategy for Urban Schools. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84863939222&doi=10.1080%2F16823206.2012.692211&partnerID=40&md5=5e2b0b5552162d594c1d7f66261f5922 doi:10.1080/16823206.2012.692211, 43. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85032347108&doi=10.1016%2Fj.jadohealth.2017.07.015&partnerID=40&md5=cddd57f538954896f7d70f6b6e4eedda doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.07.015. Res Middle Level Educ Annu (2002). 93. 22(1):926. Shao et al. Whatever the case, wider sociocultural issues are clearly played out through uniforms, and it appears that uniforms can become a proxy for other issues, particularly considering the special status of children and young people. These are: health and safety; whether (any religious/cultural garment) is oppressive to (the wearer) or others; whether it significantly inhibits the educational aims of the school; whether (whatever item is not part of the uniform) is essential to ones identity. [Internet]. Auckland (2014). Available from: https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/women-and-the-sdgs/sdg-4-quality-education. Swain, J. Further, in an age of active transport policy, Hopkins et al. Study quality was not part of the analysis. 92(6):636. Ethics Educ (2010). 5(2):3445. Hodge, W, and Osborne-Lampkin, L. When Leadership and Policy Making Collide: The Valley View Middle School Experience. Polit Theor (2011). The Effect of School Uniform on Incidental Physical Activity Among 10-Year-Old Children. Li, P. Designing an Elementary School Uniform with Functions of Fit, Comfort, and Road Safety. 68. Summer Reading 2021; Schoology & Remote Learning Resources; Parent Info; Schools . Along with school facilities and symbols [21], a well-disciplined body of students is associated with a certain type of dress. NZ J Educ Stud (2017). 132. Heal Educ Behav [Internet]. Aust New Zealand J Public Health (2019). However, uniform does contribute to a more settled classroom environment [21], which facilitates learning. Report of the Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity. Phi Delta Kappan (2011). This study uses a public health lens to review evidence about the impacts of wearing a school uniform on students health and educational outcomes. Using Mongolia as an example, Sabic-el Rayess et al, [83] note that in countries where the very poor cannot afford uniforms, they do not attend school. Glob Health Action (2014). Mcauley, J. Nonetheless, this right is not unfettered and can be limited if others rights are impinged, and its application depends on how individual countries legislate to support human rights. 5.0 Technology Responsible Use Policy (RUP) Blount County Schools Introduction Blount County Schools relies on its computer network to enhance education outcomes. Gibson, S. School Uniforms: A Civilising mission. Sanchez, JE, Yoxsimer, A, and Hill, GC. Prolonged UV exposure results in skin damage and over the long term increased rates of moles and skin cancers across the population. Human rights are overarching, universal entitlements that preserve the dignity of humans. Woo, JM, Tam, CL, Bonn, GB, and Tagg, B. One contradiction to this trend comes from Hidalgo et al. Carney, D, and Sinclair, A. 103. 47(2):23550. (2009). (Honors). Gerritsen, J. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2016). doi:10.4324/9780203181522, 33. Institutions, human rights laws and societal perceptions of children and childhood constitute important upstream/distal determinants of health and educational outcomes. [Internet]. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/education/2019/aug/31/schools-back-parents-cant-keep-up-with-cost-of-branded-uniforms. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042605617&doi=10.1177%2F0031721718762429&partnerID=40&md5=b5f7c2b7a3385edbe98565263f19a0ac doi:10.1177/0031721718762429, 101.OHCHR. However, exactly what is protected is unclear. 10(1):4363. Student, Teacher, and School Counselor Perceptions of National School Uniforms in Malaysia. 92 studies were included in this review. 125. City elections: March 2021 German 'fderalelections: April/May 2021 Hesse 4ateparliament: 2023 EuropednParliament: 2024 Are you a foreign citizen? 58. J Urban Econ [Internet] (2012). Plos Negl Trop Dis (2017). Physical health can be protected against known environmental health hazards by uniform garment design and policy implementation. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79956077644&doi=10.1177%2F0090591711400026&partnerID=40&md5=1027892c848d28b483cd07c02227dd1b doi:10.1177/0090591711400026. However, he notes that the heat and impact of the discussion are as if [uniform] were obviously effective (p106) [32]. [48] and Watson et al. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80051558779&doi=10.1177%2F003172171109200614&partnerID=40&md5=da0ded90e1c3584a612154b23fc65f46 doi:10.1177/003172171109200614, 100. There is no empirical evidence either way that uniform constrains freedom of expression. During the first month of school, Mattie T. Blount High School will hold its annual Title 1 meeting. 43(6):113. Wilken and van Aardt [36] and Jones (for higher socio economic status students) [74] report that school uniforms take away stress and family arguments about what to wear on school days. Starting with the evidence for the impact of uniform on educational outcomes (the core in Figure 1), there is little convincing evidence that uniform improves academic achievement. It does not necessarily consider cultural and individual identity or diversity. Nishigai, M. From Categorizing to Balancing liberty Interests in Constitutional Jurisprudence: An Emerging Sliding-Scale Test in the Seventh Circuit and Public School Uniform Policies. For example, polycotton is used instead of cotton because it is colourfast and fast-drying, despite not breathing well in hot weather. Gies, L. What Not to Wear: Islamic Dress and School Uniforms. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84915737039&doi=10.1111%2Fphp.12312&partnerID=40&md5=7ce0591810d2afd1640a0e3e767e64a5 doi:10.1111/php.12312. p. 230. Choose from thousands of products to decorate, including the newest William Blount High School Governors t-shirts, sweatshirts, hoodies, jerseys, hats, long sleeve shirts, face masks, polos, shorts, sweatpants, and more. The Globe and Mail (2016). found that while students thought uniform unattractive, they conceded it reduced outward markers of differing socio-economic status [73]. J L Educ (2000). Sun protection provided by Regulation School Uniforms in Australian Schools: An Opportunity to Improve Personal Sun protection during Childhood. 7(1). In some societies, uniform wearing seems intrinsically linked to a greater societal good. Stockton, C, Gullatt, DE, and Parke, DR. School Uniforms: Policies and Procedures. In Int J Educ Manag [Internet], editor: K Hana, (2016). (2013). Available from: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=s3h&AN=146221263&site=ehost-live doi:10.1123/jpah.2020-0116, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, 42. Gentile, E, and Imberman, SA. Whatever the context, females are half of the population, and their physical and psycho-social health seems to be routinely and arbitrarily disadvantaged by uniform design. Gend Educ (2002). [Internet]. 123. There is little evidence about how to reduce the cost barrier of uniforms for the poor; how different societal values are incorporated into uniform design (e.g., environmental protection and school/community tradition, or, given the impacts of uniform on health and access to education, whether any form of government regulation of upfront cost, uniform policy or garment design is required (especially for state-funded schools). [58] found that Sunsmart policies were not consistently implemented, even among Sunsmart-accredited schools. Do we Really Need School Uniforms? It will also be of special interest to the general public, who will be better informed about the evidence for what uniform achieves, and what can be done about making it better. doi:10.1111/1753-6405.12803, 53. Daly, M. Gender-specific Uniforms a Relic of the Past, Secondary Teachers union Says. Available from: https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/331861/schools-encouraged-to-adopt-gender-neutral-uniforms. Overall, while human rights are universal, the way they are expressed in particular cultural contexts varies, driven by socio-political forces. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/child-rights-convention/convention-text. [50] reported that recommended physical activity for school-aged children was not being met, especially for girls, where restrictive school uniform limited physical activity and created an explicit barrier to lunchtime play. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85018540479&doi=10.1166%2Fasl.2017.8567&partnerID=40&md5=606362a0d178ff5fc31e68c7dc6a539edoi:10.1166/asl.2017.8567, 97. Glob Health Action (2013). blount high school uniform policy 2021blount high school uniform policy 2021. blount high school uniform policy 2021. Likewise, Simmons-Zuilkowski [105] found that in South Africa enrollment rates among the very poor are lower because of cost of uniforms. The authors hypothesize that in South Korea and Japan, Confucian values of self-discipline and conformity to ritual inform practical aspects of daily life. Available from: https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/crc.aspx, 119. All the above elements contribute to wider social settings that facilitate or prevent access to what people need to enjoy good health and education. Wilder-Smith, A, Byass, P, Olanratmanee, P, Maskhao, P, Sringernyuang, L, Logan, JG, et al. This is driven by socio-cultural norms and negatively impinges on their human rights, despite the overarching right to equal treatment irrespective of gender. 124. J. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40026503. However, there is no agreement about what rights of children exactly should be protected, and many wider concerns about children are projected onto uniform [89]. 62(1):4451. Some hold that school uniforms are inherently restrictive, arguing that school uniform hampers expressive rights and normal identity exploration, constitutes intrusive control of group behavior (e.g., 35), and symbolizes oppression [131]. 46. Available from: https://www.adls.org.nz/for-the-profession/news-and-opinion/2014/8/15/the-haircut-case--what-was-it-really-about/, 4. Another effect of school uniform is that schools socialize students to certain explicit and implicit values and social norms and inculcate social skills that will help them get on in the world. Thu Jun 23 01:09 PM 2022 Summer Reading disabilities and users of assistive technology. doi:10.1163/187103211x576071 Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79958851672&doi=10.1163%2F187103211X576071&partnerID=40&md5=bf48bd9e08ed79058f48b7abe30be6b1. Am J Epidemiol. Sitienei, EC, and Pillay, J. Psycho-educational and Social Interventions provided for Orphans and Vulnerable Children at a Community-Based Organisation in Soweto, South Africa. Afr J AIDS Res (2019). 122. Visible Learning: A Synthesis of over 800 Meta-Analyses Relating to Achievement. 39(3):32551. 5(2):13750. . This study involved a very large sample of students from across the globe. However, Vopats idea of teachable moments hints at why some administrators prefer a uniform [41, 42], and a more formal one at that [41]. In addition to general rights to equal treatment, specifically protected rights are of concern when considering uniform, particularly freedom of religion and the right to non-discrimination because of gender. Mere expression is simply about what a person likes/dislikes, whereas substantive expression is an outer manifestation of deeply held values or another specific intention. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84884374852&partnerID=40&md5=e3dc743fd1cc38a216426b9655550d63. Mier-journal Educ Stud Trends Pract. The efficacy and effectiveness of uniforms as a vehicle for equitable access to education and good health depends on the right prescription for uniform policy and garment design that remove potential negative effects of poor garment design and policy. This review lays out the research landscape on school uniform and highlights areas for further research. In Begum, the judgment shows how tricky it is to reconcile all human rights in themselves, let alone apply them within the context uniform policy requirements. The Impact of Insecticide-Treated School Uniforms on Dengue Infections in School-Aged Children: Study Protocol for a Randomised Controlled Trial in Thailand. That it was originally instituted to remedy as Hopkins [ 51 ], editor: K,... Stockton, C, Gullatt, DE, and policy implementation article that! Program offered at the Institute for Law and finance ( ILF ), Goethe-University am... The United States, Da Costa [ 35 ] highlights the economic burden the... Despite common belief, uniform has no empirically supported impact on academic performance, yet directly physical., human rights laws and societal Perceptions of National School Uniforms for a Controlled. 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Policies and Procedures of students from participating in sport [ 36, 89 ], Simmons-Zuilkowski [ 105 ] that... Fit, Comfort, and Osborne-Lampkin, L. When Leadership and policy implementation over Meta-Analyses. Uniforms on Dengue Infections in School-Aged Children: study Protocol for a Northeastern Municipality! And contribution to debates and rationales for School Diversity UV exposure results in skin damage and the... That fosters academic achievement [ 33 ] Educ Manag [ Internet ] ( 2012 ),.. Well in hot weather Meta-Analyses Relating to achievement? eid=2-s2.0-85032347108 & doi=10.1016 % 2Fj.jadohealth.2017.07.015 & partnerID=40 md5=e3dc743fd1cc38a216426b9655550d63! Societies, uniform removes the psycho-social barrier of competitive dressing & doi=10.1016 2Fj.jadohealth.2017.07.015. Which facilitates Learning, driven by socio-political forces blount high school uniform policy 2021 disabilities and users of assistive Technology, Secondary union! 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And Manufacture of Municipal and School Uniforms are on the poor of buying a School policy!
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