Moderate natural luster. Ginkgos are large trees, normally reaching a height of 20–35 m (66–115 ft), with some specimens in China being over 50 m (160 ft). The soil it inhabits is typically in the pH range of 5.0 to 5.5. SLOWLY BUT SURELY. The plant was discovered in 1690 by the botanist E. Kaempfer in Japan. In ginkgos, as in other plants that possess them, short shoots allow the formation of new leaves in the older parts of the crown. Two sperm are produced, one of which successfully fertilizes the ovule. It is a member of a very old genus, with some fossils dating back 270 million years. These strategies are evidently important in the persistence of ginkgo; in a survey of the "semiwild" stands remaining in Tianmushan, 40% of the specimens surveyed were multistemmed, and few saplings were present. When eaten in large quantities or over a long period, the gametophyte (meat) of the seed can cause poisoning by 4'-O-methylpyridoxine (MPN). It is now represented all over the world and is often planted because of its slim crown and the slow-growing with bright yellow fall color in the vicinity of houses. Because of the short internodes, leaves appear to be clustered at the tips of short shoots, and reproductive structures are formed only on them (see pictures below – seeds and leaves are visible on short shoots). The female flowers are arranged in pairs on a stalk about one centimeter long. They are short and knobby, and are arranged regularly on the branches except on first-year growth. Since 1948, the badge of Tokyo University has been two ginkgo leaves (designed by Shoichi Hoshino), which became the university logo in 2004 with a redesign. It has been used in traditional treatment of Alzheimer's disease. For centuries, it was thought to be extinct in the wild, but is now known to grow in at least two small areas in Zhejiang province in eastern China, in the Tianmushan Reserve. Engelbert Kaempfer first introduced the spelling ginkgo in his book Amoenitatum Exoticarum. [79] Later, both the stump of the severed tree and a replanted section of the trunk sprouted leaves. The male flowers are about 3 cm (1.2 in) long yellow catkins. Since the spelling may be confusing to pronounce, ginkgo is sometimes purposely misspelled as "gingko". One of the earliest fossils ascribed to the Ginkgophyta is Trichopitys, distinguished by having multiple-forked leaves with cylindrical (not flattened), thread-like ultimate divisions. Most Maidenhair Tree trees have two main shoots, one of which is always weaker. Native to China,[2] the tree is widely cultivated, and was cultivated early in human history. [60][61] Additional side effects include increased risk of bleeding, gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, dizziness, heart palpitations, and restlessness. It is a hardy, drought resistant tree that is now popular as a cultivated tree in urban settings. Wide sapwood is cream to pale pinkish in color. In China, ginkgo yielded its wood for carving, and the nuts of its somewhat foul-smelling fruit (that only the female tree produces) for toasted treats. The first record of Europeans encountering it is in 1690 in Japanese temple gardens, where the tree was seen by the German botanist Engelbert Kaempfer. The first use as a medicine is recorded in the late 15th century in China; among western countries, its first registered medicinal use was in Germany in 1965. While it may seem improbable that a single species may exist as a contiguous entity for many millions of years, many of the ginkgo's life-history parameters fit: Extreme longevity; slow reproduction rate; (in Cenozoic and later times) a wide, apparently contiguous, but steadily contracting distribution; and (as far as can be demonstrated from the fossil record) extreme ecological conservatism (restriction to disturbed streamside environments).[10]:91. Since its seeds are not protected by an ovary wall, it can morphologically be considered a gymnosperm. Kanji typically have multiple pronunciations in Japanese, and the characters 銀杏 used for ginnan can also be pronounced ginkyō. Rays may be closer to medium width, hard to say. The relationship of ginkgo to other plant groups remains uncertain. Fossil plants with leaves that have more than four veins per segment have customarily been assigned to the taxon Ginkgo, while the taxon Baiera is used to classify those with fewer than four veins per segment. The sperm have only a tiny distance to travel to the archegonia, of which there are usually two or three. [35], Where it occurs in the wild, it is found infrequently in deciduous forests and valleys on acidic loess (i.e. At the end of the Pliocene, Ginkgo fossils disappeared from the fossil record everywhere except in a small area of central China, where the modern species survived. Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species", World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, "The American Heritage Dictionary entry: ginkgo", 10.1666/0094-8373(2003)029<0084:ECITLF>2.0.CO;2, "History of Discovery of Spermatozoids In, "Draft genome of the living fossil Ginkgo biloba", "Some trees can live for more than 1,000 years and scientists may have figured out why", "Genetic variation of Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) based on cpDNA PCR-RFLPs: inference of glacial refugia", "Evidence for the persistence of wild Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae) populations in the Dalou Mountains, southwestern China", "Ma-Ke Bonsai Care Guide for Ginkgo biloba", "The Use of Herbal Medicine in Alzheimer's Disease—A Systematic Review", "Assessment report on Ginkgo biloba L., folium", "Ethnopharmacological Approaches for Dementia Therapy and Significance of Natural Products and Herbal Drugs", "Treatment for mild cognitive impairment: systematic review", "Ginkgo biloba extract for essential hypertension: A systemic review", "Ginkgo biloba for acute ischaemic stroke", "Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled comparison of ginkgo biloba and acetazolamide for prevention of acute mountain sickness among Himalayan trekkers: The prevention of high altitude illness trial (PHAIT)", "Ginkgo biloba for intermittent claudication", "Ginkgo biloba extract for age-related macular degeneration", "Effect of ginkgo and ginger on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects", "MedlinePlus Herbs and Supplements: Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.)", "Ginkgo Uses, Benefits & Dosage – Drugs.com Herbal Database", "High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Study of Ginkgolic Acid in the Leaves and Fruits of the Ginkgo Tree (Ginkgo biloba)", "Food poisoning by Ginkgo seeds through vitamin B, "An antivitamin B6, 4'-methoxypyridoxine, from the seed of Ginkgo biloba L.", https://e360.yale.edu/features/peter_crane_history_of_ginkgo_earths_oldest_tree, "Examples of Plants with Insect and Disease Tolerance", https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ja/about/public-relations/b01_05_01.html, "A-bombed Ginkgo trees in Hiroshima, Japan", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ginkgo_biloba&oldid=988207169, Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 11 November 2020, at 19:29.
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