1960s Fashion History. Greatest Hippie Songs of the 1960s and 1970s. It was a stopping off place for Timothy Leary as well as other well known figures in the psychedelic movement. Some of the earliest San Francisco hippies were former students at San Francisco State College (later renamed San Francisco State University) who were intrigued by the developing psychedelic hippie music scene and left school after they started taking psychedelic drugs. [18] Modeled on their Red Dog experiences, on October 16, 1965, The Family Dog hosted "A Tribute to Dr. Hippies developed their own distinctive lifestyle, whereby they constructed a sense of marginality. In December 1969, a similar event took place in Altamont, California, about 30 miles (45km) east of San Francisco. The settlement has gone through some economic turbulence and change in the 80s, when the all-pooling way of life wasn't sustainable anymore and people had to begin self-supporting themselves. Although there were many diverse groups and elements protesting the US military involvement in Vietnam as it began to escalate, many of the protesters, rightly or wrongly, came to be associated with aspects of the "hippie" movement in the popular view. Venn diagram zone: Peace, love and public nudity. West Hollywood became the quintessential L.A. hippie gathering area, particularly on the Sunset Strip where the Whisky a Go Go was located, and The Troubadour on Santa Monica Boulevard. Some hippies also used amphetamines and opiates, but they were looked down upon even by the people who used them because they were harmful and addictive. Hippies have maintained activist activities after the 1960s. One of the first "Love Ins" took place in Elysian Park and spread from there. 2. With Stonehenge banned as a festival site new age travellers gather at the annual Glastonbury Festival to see hundreds of live dance, comedy, theatre, circus, cabaret and other performances. They started the Stonehenge Free Festival in 1974, especially Wally Hope, until the English Heritage legally banned the festival, resulting in the Battle of the Beanfield in 1985. McCarthy and Stalin Political Brothers? The gathering becomes a temporary city (36,500 occupants in 2005), with elaborate encampments, displays and many art cars. Leave it utterly. "The center was not holding," writes Joan Didion about the fall of the 1960s in Slouching Towards Bethlehem, "It was a country of bankruptcy notices and commonplace reports of . With the demise of the Grateful Dead and Phish, the nomadic touring hippies have been left without a main jam band to follow. Some were strictly self-sufficient . [27], When they returned to San Francisco at the end of Summer 1965, Red Dog participants Luria Castell, Ellen Harman and Alton Kelley created a collective called "The Family Dog". Yippie leader Jerry Rubin's guest appearance on the Phil Donahue Show in that year (April 1) represents the virtual apex of such publicity surpassed only by his appearance November 7 that same year on The David Frost Show, where he lit a joint and tried to pass it to Frost, then summoned an army of expletive-using hippies planted in the audience to swarm the stage, all on live television. In the late 1960s, famed hippie prankster Hugh Romney, aka Wavy Gravy, and his nomadic band of counter-culture followers lived in this ramshackle commune, which they nicknamed the Hog Farm. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. By 1968, hippie-influenced fashions were beginning to take off in the mainstream, especially for youths and younger adults of the populous "Baby Boomer" generation, many of whom may have aspired to emulate the hardcore movements now living in tribalistic communes, but had no overt connections to them. Initially billed as "Woodstock West", its official name was The Altamont Free Concert. Taylor Camp was a sanctuary for Vietnam veterans who wanted to escape the stresses of everyday life. The Venice coffeehouses and beat culture sustained the hippies, giving birth to bands like The Doors. : The greatest wave of communal living in American history crested in the tumultuous 1960s era including the early 1970s. These subgenres included: Many genres that first appeared in the 1970s also incorporated psychedelic influences in the beginning, such as soft rock and disco, though they soon developed their own sounds that were distinct from psychedelic music. George Harrison and Ravi Shankar in Encinitas, 1960s . The concept of "sex, drugs, and rock & roll " mutates today into the conscious intention of building . While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Annie and the Family were one of the original families to take up residence there; they later went on to take part in the magical mystery tour and to live in a number of other communes in Europe.[47]. We have a private revolution going on. Its origins may be traced to European social movements in the 19th and early 20th century such as Bohemians, with influence from Eastern religion and spirituality. Their intention was to create a live-in work of Drop Art, continuing an art concept they had developed earlier, and informed by "happenings". The year 1968 also saw the development of two new, but dissimilar, genres of music that each exerted some influence on, and were influenced by, the hippie movements: Heavy metal,[48] and reggae. Only tiny numbers ever lived on communes. Hippies in Canada. In Australia, the hippie movement began to emerge in the mid to late 60's with the subculture being showcased at the Pilgrimage for Pop Festival held in Ourimbah, New South Wales on 24 and 25 Jan 1970. Spaced Out: Crash Pads, Hippie Communes, Infinity Machines, and other Radical Environments of the Psychedelic Sixties by. Critical Survey of Long Fiction, Second Revised Edition (2000): EBSCO. Source: Wikipedia. In the mid-1960s, the United States Government started a huge military surge wherein large qualities of American troops were sent to Vietnam to destabilize and destroy the communist North Vietnamese government, which was supported by the Soviet . The events at Altamont shocked many Americans, including those who had strongly identified with hippie culture. ", where they sang "You keep adding to my numbers as you shoot my people down" and Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young's protest song "Ohio". It was emblematic of the fate of the hippie movement in San Francisco. . The Grateful Dead toured continuously, with few interruptions between 1965 and 1995. They lived off of the land (and food stamps). Clip ref AB16D. This dragged on through half of 1973, only increasing their status as anti-war and counterculture celebrities; by June 1973, the Watergate hearings had begun in earnest, and the famous pair made their final political statement by attending one of them. By late 1966, the Diggers opened stores which simply gave away their stock; provided free food, medical care, transport and temporary housing; they also organized free music concerts and works of political art. Memories of Drop City: The first hippie commune of the 1960's and the Summer of Love by. Drug use is just as accepted as in the "original" hippie days, although some neo-hippies do not consider it necessary to take drugs in order to be part of the lifestyle, and others reject drug use in favor of alternative methods of reaching higher or altered consciousness such as drumming circles, community singing, meditation, yoga and dance. Alastair Gordon. . The True Story", "A couple's commitment to skid row doesn't waver", "I Hate Useless, Loitering Hippies, But I Despise Wall Street Even More", "From the Archives 1970: Ourimbah pop festival's gentle chaos", What the Dormouse Said: How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_hippie_movement&oldid=1130437019. [64] A wide range of personal appearance options and clothing styles have become acceptable, all of which were uncommon before the hippie era. The novelist Ken Kesey (author of One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest) was one of the best-known literary spokesmen for the movement, but he became equally famous for the bus tours he made with a group called the Merry Pranksters. It was the single most defining experience of my life.. On the other hand, Jack Kerouac broke with Ginsberg and criticized the 1960s protest movements as an "excuse for spitefulness". The 60s Communes. The first draft card burnings took place May 12, 1964, in New York City. [9], During the first several decades of the 20th century, these beliefs were introduced to the United States as Germans settled around the country, some opening the first health food stores. These were men whod been forced to fight a war they didnt believe in only to return home to a country that didnt want them. Therefore, they made LSD available to anyone interested in partaking - most famously through the "electric kool-aid" made available at a series of "Acid Tests"; musical and multi-media events where participants were given "acid", the street name for LSD. All Hippies were young, from the ages of 15 to 25. . "Love the One You're With" Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young. As Robert Howard states, The hippie movement that was created in the San Francisco area of Haight-Ashbury offered a serious though not well articulated alternative to the conventional society system.. [citation needed] The Grateful Dead played, and some sources claim that LSD was consumed at the rally. [46], Started by former Boston stockbroker and later probation officer Gridley Wright, Strawberry Fields, named after the song by the Beatles, occupied forty four acres of land in Decker Canyon, in the arid hills above Malibu, California. Since then, scientists have proven that breastfeeding is a healthier alternative for both mother and baby. The Strip was the location of the protest described in Buffalo Springfield's early 1967 hippie anthem, "For What It's Worth" by Stephen Stills. The intentional communities of the 1960s era were far more diverse than the stereotype of the hippie commune would suggest. They experimented with communal or cooperative living arrangements, and they often adopted vegetarian diets based on unprocessed foods and practiced holistic medicine. Every hippie was different, but most of them didnt work unless they absolutely had to, they didnt go to church, and they freely participated in sexual activities. Hippies in the 60s : Fashion, Festivals, Flower Power. With this increased attention, hippies found support for their ideals of love and peace but were also criticized for their anti-work, pro-drug, and permissive ethos. Held annually in Manchester, Tennessee, the Bonnaroo Music and Arts Festival has become a tradition for many music fans, since its sold-out premiere in 2002. [36] As explained by Allan Cohen, co-founder of the San Francisco Oracle, the purpose of the rally was twofold to draw attention to the fact that LSD had just been made illegal, and to demonstrate that people who used LSD were not criminals, nor were they mentally ill. Following the pig's nomination on the first day, Rubin and 6 others were arrested, but protests and music concerts were allowed to continue in Lincoln Park for two days, albeit an 11:00 PM curfew was enforced. Between 1976 and 1981, hippie music festivals were held on large farms around Waihi and Waikino in New Zealand- Aotearoa. [1] From around 1967, its fundamental ethos including harmony with nature, communal living, artistic experimentation particularly in music, sexual experimentation, and the widespread use of recreational drugs spread around the world during the counterculture of the 1960s, which has become closely associated with the subculture. "Friends are invited to attend services beginning at sunrise, October 6, 1967, at Buena Vista Park". By the time of the convention, city officials were prepared for the worst, with 23,000 police, National Guard, and Federal troops. 7 Apr 2020. Many of the original Beats remained active participants, notably Allen Ginsberg, who became a fixture of the anti-war movement. Although many of the original hippies and those who were core to the movement remained (or remain) dedicated to the values they originally espoused, many of those who played more peripheral roles are often seen as having "sold out" during the 1980s by becoming a part of the corporate, materialist culture they initially rejected.[60][61]. At the Renaissance Faire, all the worlds a stage,", "Max Scherr, Radical Founder Of The Berkeley Barb in 60's,", "Walter Bowart, Alternative Journalist, Dies at 68", "The Founder and Editor of The Fifth Estate on the Papers Original Purpose: Peter Werbe and Harvey Ovshinsky, who both recently released their first books, spar amiably,", "The Underground Press and Its Extraordinary Moment in US History,", "Welcome to the Trips Festival Page Prankster History Project", "October Sixth Nineteen Hundred and Sixty Seven", California Communes in Historical Context, "Gridley Wright figure of the 1960s counterculture", "Hey man, we're all kind of hippies now. The first Acid Test was held in Palo Alto, California in November 1965. In the early 1960s he . . In the UK, there are many new age travellers who are known as hippies to outsiders, but prefer to call themselves the Peace Convoy. The movement went on th. One early book hailed as evidencing the transition from "beatnik" to "hippie" culture was Been Down So Long It Looks Like Up to Me by Richard Faria, brother-in-law of Joan Baez. There were also four births at the concert. However, this galvanized the protest movement, and the following year, the trial of Hoffman, Rubin, and others as the "Chicago Seven" (originally Eight) generated significant interest. The School Teacher's House. Hippies promoted the recreational use of hallucinogenic drugs, particularly marijuana and LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), in so-called head trips, justifying the practice as a way of expanding consciousness. The Farm continues in many public-service and philanthropic enterprises through the Farm Midwifery Center, Plenty International, and other sub-organizations. Throughout the Hippie Movement, many hippie college students were threatened with expulsion and a criminal record, just for expressing their ideas. Father Yod fathered many children with his 13 wives. The hippie subculture began its development as a youth movement in the United States during the early 1960s and then developed around the world. He uses vivid dialog along with his precise command of narrative to create an authentic account of the social and political climate of the 60s. Regarding this period of history, the July 7, 1967, TIME magazine featured a cover story entitled, "The Hippies: The Philosophy of a Subculture". Notable members include Kesey's best friend Ken Babbs, Neal Cassady, Mountain Girl (born Carolyn Adams but best known as Mrs. Jerry Garcia), Wavy Gravy, Paul Krassner, Stewart Brand, Del Close, Paul Foster, George Walker, and others. Billboard Hot 100 songs in June 1966 with "Paint It Black" by the Rolling Stones. In 1965, four art students and filmmakers, Gene Bernofsky, JoAnn Bernofsky, Richard Kallweit and Clark Richert, moved to a 7-acre (28,000m2) tract of land near Trinidad, Colorado. Nambassa is also the tribal name of a trust that has championed sustainable ideas and demonstrated practical counterculture and alternative lifestyle methods since the early 1970s.[77]. Hippies were frequently parodied on popular television series of the time like Star Trek, while shows like Dragnet regularly portrayed them in a negative light as drug-crazed hedonists. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. July 22, 2004 -- -- More than 30 years ago, a few hundred hippies left California to start a commune in Tennessee. Inspired by the architectural ideas of Buckminster Fuller and Steve Baer, residents constructed geodesic domes and zonahedra to house themselves, using geometric panels made from the metal of automobile roofs and other inexpensive materials. Memories of Drop City is the definitive book about the 1960s counterculture. A revolution of individuality and diversity that can only be private. The Oregon Country Fair began in 1969 as a benefit for an alternative school. Hippie communes became a prominent fixture in the American counterculture landscape in the second half of the twentieth century. The Red Dog Saloon was a bar and music venue located in the isolated, old-time mining town of Virginia City, Nevada. Over 500,000 people arrived to hear the most notable musicians and bands of the era, among them Richie Havens, Joan Baez, Janis Joplin, The Grateful Dead, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, Santana, The Who, Jefferson Airplane, and Jimi Hendrix. in "My Odyssey Through the Underground Press, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMarty1997 (, Bugliosi (1994) describes the popular view that the Manson case "sounded the death knell for hippies and all they symbolically represented", citing, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLattin2004 (. Check out our 1960s hippie commune selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. Crone, Patrician, "Kavad's Heresy and Mazdak's Revolt", in: Iran 29 (1991), S. 2140. The hippie subculture began its development as a youth movement in the United States during the early 1960s and then developed around the world.. Its origins may be traced to European social movements in the 19th and early 20th century such as Bohemians, with influence from Eastern religion and spirituality. Corrections? Yoga Studios Per 1,000 People: 1.09 Organic Markets Per 1,000 People: 0.51 Pet Adoption Centers Per . eden ahbez, a member of this group, wrote a hit song, "Nature Boy'", which was recorded in 1947 by Nat King Cole, popularizing the homegrown back-to-nature movement to mainstream America. Although it is no longer seen as strong as in the 1960s, communities still live by its precepts. "Hippies" is a term used to describe young people who participated in the 1960s counterculture movement, which originated in the United States and spread throughout Canada in the second half of that decade. Members of the first hippie communes (though this total number ultimately reached over 2000) "believed that a group of autonomous individuals, actively seeking their self-identities, would inevitably create a nonexploitative, conflict-free environment." . "[43], It is estimated that around 100,000 people traveled to San Francisco in the summer of 1967. In the 1960s and 70s thousands of hippies journeyed east to India in search of enlightenment.Hippie Masala is a fascinating chronicle about flower children who,after fleeing Western civilization,found a new way of life in India. hippie, also spelled hippy, member, during the 1960s and 1970s, of a countercultural movement that rejected the mores of mainstream American life. 0. The Source Family Band practiced every morning at 3 AM. On April 20 (4/20) many neo-hippies gather at "Hippie Hill" in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. The hippies were also the first to notice the need for change in the United States. Hippies were a driving force behind farmers markets, organic foods and weekly and seasonal craft and music fairs. It is nothing new. [44], When the Summer of Love finally ended, thousands of hippies left San Francisco, a large minority of them heading "back to the land". Strange" at Longshoreman's Hall. Nevertheless, the oppressive political atmosphere that featured the bombing of Cambodia and shootings by National Guardsmen at Jackson State University and Kent State University still brought people together. The Most Extreme Tribal Traditions Still Practiced Today, What Stephen Hawking Thinks Threatens Humankind The Most, 27 Raw Images Of When Punk Ruled New York, Join The All That's Interesting Weekly Dispatch. booty funk explosion - hippies 1960s stock illustrations. Even children's television shows like H.R. In contrast to these formal clubs, Wandervogel emphasized amateur music and singing, creative dress, and communal outings involving hiking and camping. Founded in 1968, Total Loss Farm and its two sister communes were some of the most popular hippie communes on the . Both Leary and Ginsberg were introduced to LSD by Michael Hollingshead in the early 1960s, and both became instrumental in popularizing psychedelic substances to the hippie movement. [25] By 1966 the Underground Press Syndicate had been organized;[26] 80 presses of U.S. and Canada came to a conference sponsored by Middle Earth in Iowa City. It was crucial for former urban dwellers who practiced semi-subsistence farming in rural areas (in what came to be called the back-to-the-land movement). [8] Inspired by the works of Friedrich Nietzsche, Goethe, Hermann Hesse, and Eduard Baltzer, Wandervogel attracted thousands of young Germans who rejected the rapid trend toward urbanization and yearned for the pagan, back-to-nature spiritual life of their ancestors. These were subsequently replaced by a more cynical and exploitative crowd.[40]. Daley: Somewhere between 2,000 and 3,000 communes existed in the U.S. in the 1960s and '70s with about 75 in the small state of Vermont, making it one of the epicenters of the experiment. In 1963, Ginsberg was living in San Francisco with Neal Cassady and Charles Plymell. The commune was founded by 13 hippies who, tired of the Vietnam War and constant police brutality of the mainland, fled to Kauai, the least populated Hawaiian island. Hippies were also known for their unique style, favouring long hair and casual, often unconventional, dress, sometimes in psychedelic colours. Why was the hippie movement so popular in the 1960s? The festival producers have made investments in their property, constructing vast telecommunications networks, potable water supplies, sanitation facilities, and safety features such as first aid shelters for every 200-300 fans. No wonder the counterculture movement of the 1960s expressed itself here in full-throated chorus. Answer (1 of 2): The hippies are still exactly where they were in the 1960s. A great many of them were religious in basis, stressing spiritual seeking and disciplined lifestyles. Yet he hardly exemplified the hippie ideals of peace, love, compassion and human fellowship; through twisted logic, hallucinogenic drugs, and psychological manipulation, he inspired his followers to commit murder. Hippies came from many different places and had many different backgrounds. For the next several decades, many hippies and neo-hippies became part of the Deadhead and Phish Head communities, attending music and art festivals held around the country. Also around this time, John Lennon of the Beatles and his wife Yoko Ono took up the mantle of a more prominent media role, as a force for continuing the 'humane revolution' that was politically opposed to the 'establishment'. While communes prospered across America, they were especially concentrated in California. Photos Courtesy of Isis Aquarian Archives. A hippie, also spelled hippy, especially in British English, is someone associated with the counterculture of the 1960s, originally a youth movement that began in the United States during the mid-1960s and spread to different countries around the world. All That's Interesting is a Brooklyn-based digital publisher that seeks out stories that illuminate the past, present, and future. Check out our hippie communes selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. While the beats were known for "playing it cool" and keeping a low profile, hippies became known for displaying their individuality. Many hippies lived in that portion of Los Angeles known as East Hollywood as well as Laurel Canyon. As San Francisco Chronicle music columnist Ralph J. Gleason put it, "They danced all night long, orgiastic, spontaneous and completely free form."[18]. On January 14, 1967, the outdoor Human Be-In in San Francisco popularized hippie culture across the United States, with 30,000 hippies gathering in Golden Gate Park. And before you go, like All That Is Interesting on Facebook. The Source Family became well known for their unusual living arrangements, curious antics, and long flowing hair. We called it the End of the Road, the Wild Wild West and bad things happened there occasionally.". [2] A 1967 article in Time Magazine asserted that the hippie movement has a historical precedent in the counterculture of the Ancient Greeks, espoused by philosophers like Diogenes of Sinope and the Cynics. The name derived from "hip," a term applied to the Beats of the 1950s, such as Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac . To the fascination and amusement of more decorous citizens, hundreds of thousands of mostly young dreamers set out to build a new culture apart from the established society. Pufnstuf,[68] and educational shows such as The Electric Company[69] and Mulligan Stew were influenced by the hippies. Delve into the secretive and misunderstood world of American hippie communes of the 1970s.This iconic photograph captures the Bray Family reading bedtime stories at the Mystic Arts commune in Sunny Valley, Oregon in 1969. The Monterey Pop Festival from June 16 to June 18 introduced the rock music of the counterculture to a wide audience and marked the start of the "Summer of Love". An audience of nearly 3,000 gathered at the Avalon Ballroom in San Francisco, filling the hall to its capacity for a fundraising effort for the first Hare Krishna center on the West Coast of the United States. Charles Manson was a lifelong criminal who had been released from prison just in time for San Francisco's Summer of Love. [3] The article also claimed that the hippies were influenced by the ideals of Jesus Christ, Hillel the Elder, Buddha, St. Francis of Assisi, Henry David Thoreau, Gandhi, and others. Hippie ideals were a marked influence on anarcho-punk and some post-punk youth cultures, such as the Second Summer of Love. The intentional communities of the 1960s era were far more diverse than the stereotype of the hippie commune would suggest. In 1967, San Francisco's Summer of Love kicked off the hippie movement and its counter culture ethic was a psychedelic swirl of protests, free love, flower power, mind-altering drug trips and the maturation of . They built their beach front tree houses out of anything they could find: bamboo, scrap lumber, and salvaged materials. In 1960 the census counted 147,375 residents. Eugene McCarthy's brief presidential campaign successfully persuaded a significant minority of young adults to "get clean for Gene" by shaving their beards or wearing lower miniskirts; however the "Clean Genes" had little impact on the popular image in the media spotlight, of the hirsute hippie adorned in beads, feathers, flowers and bells. For most this infatuation with Asia was somewhat superficial, limited to their wearing colourful and inexpensive clothing from India and burning Indian made incense. The media was right behind them, casting a spotlight on the Haight-Ashbury district and popularizing the "hippie" label. It has offered performances and classes by a variety of hippie and counter-culture icons, from musical guests like Big Brother and the Holding Company, Merl Saunders and Babatunde Olatunji to speakers such as Timothy Leary, Terence McKenna, Paul Krassner, Stephen Gaskin, Robert Anton Wilson, Harvey Wasserman and Ralph Metzner. As a noun, "hippie" was a play on the adjective "hip," which was used to describe young bohemians who lived . Father Yod was not a young man, and he had 13 youthful, beautiful wives. Father Yod died in a freak hand-gliding accident in 1977 in Hawaii. Both folk and rock music were an integral part of hippie culture. The Hippie Movement of the 1960s. In 1967 the group, consisting of 10 core people and many contributors, won Buckminster Fuller's Dymaxion award for their constructions. . '60s hippies were a single piece in a tumultuous decade of social change. May 29, 2017. Since the early 1970s, the Rainbows meet informally at Rainbow Gatherings on U.S. National Forest Land as well as internationally. Their stated intention to protest the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago in August, including nominating their own candidate, "Lyndon Pigasus Pig" (an actual pig), was also widely publicized in the media at this time.[50]. In the mid-1970s, with the end of the draft and the Vietnam War, and a renewal of patriotic sentiment associated with the approach of the United States Bicentennial, the mainstream media lost interest in the hippie counterculture, and hippies became targets for ridicule, coinciding with the advent of punk rock and disco. While many hippies made a long-term commitment to the lifestyle, some younger people argue that hippies "sold out" during the 1980s and became part of the materialist, consumer culture. Hippies used many hallucinogenic drugs, such as marijuana, mescaline, psilocybin, and LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) as a way to escape reality and look within themselves. And, most notably, hippies placed communal needs and values above individual rights. Omissions? I cant imagine anything more pristine and beautiful than the life I had there. The example of Maximilian Bircher-Benner (1867-1939)", "Hippie Roots & The Perennial Subculture", "Straight-Edge Sexauer: A radical non-conformist", "Menlo Park Division VA Palo Alto Health Care System", "Cloak and DropperThe Twisted History of the CIA and LSD - The Fix", "The Legacy of the CIA's Secret LSD Experiments on America", "Zounds, Milady! hippie, also spelled hippy, member, during the 1960s and 1970s, of a countercultural movement that rejected the mores of mainstream American life. Hippie communes required a certain industrious, especially since most communes started from scratch. This undated photo provided by Jim Drougas shows Isabelle "Barbara" Fiske Calhoun, who died Monday, April 28, 2014, in White River Junction, Vt. She was 94.