The Ukrainians had failed to achieve independence in 1919 when their attempt at self-determination was crushed during the PolishSoviet and Polish-Ukrainian Wars. Web500,000 Polish nationals imprisoned before June 1941 (90% male) 22,000 Polish military personnel and officials killed in the Katyn massacre alone; 1,700,000 Poles deported to Siberia in 1939-1941; 100,000 women raped during the Soviet counter-offensive (est.) [39] Their advance surprised Polish communities and their leaders, who had not been advised how to respond to a Bolshevik invasion. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The majority of Polish Jews who survived World War II did so in the Soviet Union, some in the gulags of Siberia, experiencing forced labor, hunger, and illnesses. Illnessestyphoid, dysentery, no restrooms in cars. However, in October 1946, the Secretary of State in London pronounced that refugees who could get a job in the area for at least 6 months, or had a sum of money sufficient to sustain themselves, could stay. 
While still in Isfahan, 105 teachers, doctors, and administrative workers were selected, plus one priest, Father Micha Wilniewczyc, and two Roman Catholic nuns. The Russians at railway stations were sympathetic to the plight of the deportees and would attempt to discreetly help them. Read or download. Unveiled on 17 September 1995, this monument in Warsaw commemorates the victims of the soviet invasion of 1939. Many of the engines that at one time pulled the carriages of the Polish citizens being deported from their homeland now lie abandoned, mostly in Siberia. Polish deportees being forcefully boarded onto a "deportation train" to Siberia. Between March 24 and April 4, 33,069 soldiers left the Soviet Union for Iran, as well as 10,789 civilians, including 3,100 children. [30] According to Norman Davies,[31] almost half had died by the time the Sikorski-Mayski Agreement had been signed in 1941. [18] In late 1942 and early 1943, Polish camps in Iran were located at Tehran, Isfahan, Mashhad, and Ahvaz. Polish children and families were sent from Iran to India, Africa, Mexico and New Zealand where they remained for the rest of the war. But the food, clothing and equipment promised by the Russians did not arrive, and thousands of Poles died of starvation and disease. [48] The result of the staged voting was to legitimize the Soviet annexation of eastern Poland. It means that one more person knows the full truth. Tens of thousands of ethnic Poles became victims of the Great Purge in 19371938 (see Polish operation of the NKVD ). We will never know. Web1940, February to April: (The Red Army annexed territories in the eastern parts of Poland) About 250,000 Poles and thousands of Ukrainians and Byelorussians were deported in three major waves to Siberia and to Central and Far Eastern Asia in order to remove the most active populations from the annexed territories. The following year, between 40,000 and 50,000 people - mostly from Upper Silesia - were deported to forced labor camps.[38]. WebSearching the Polish Index of the Repressed in One Step. [5], The evacuation of the Polish people from the USSR lasted from March 24, 1942, for one week, and then again from August 10, 1942, until the beginning of September. In October 1942, the Director of War Evacuees and Camps of Northern Rhodesia, Gore Browne, expected around 500 Polish refugees to arrive from the Middle East. Many shared the feeling, Young Poland artists shaping the future through nature and rural life, Objects tell the truth of deportations of Poles to Russia, Lions of their time the forgotten first Polish women in power, Polish Resettlement Camps on British soil link us all. 150,000 killed by the Soviets Polish evacuees had to travel by train to Krasnovodsk, where they took a ship across the Caspian Sea to Iran. Wave 4 deportations were generally speaking, the riddance from Poland of anyone connected in anyway to those deported in waves 1 to 3. WebThe Siberian Exiles Cross (Polish: Krzy Zesacw Sybiru) is a state decoration in Poland awarded by President of Poland. (S 6/02/Zk)", REPRESJE 1939-41 Aresztowani na Kresach Wschodnich, "Formy, skala i konsekwencje sowieckich represji wobec Polakw w latach 1939-1941", Represje 1939-41 Aresztowani na Kresach Wschodnich, "Ivan Franko National University of L'viv", The establishment of communist regimes in Eastern Europe, 1944-1949 By Norman Naimark, "Wyzwoliciele czy okupanci? contains. Many died along the way from exhaustion, lack of food, water or heat. Watch it. starts with. Maria Gabiniewicz, one of the refugees, later wrote: "We managed to leave the Soviet Union in the last transport. Some 4,254 dead bodies were uncovered in mass graves in Katyn Forest by the Nazis in 1943, who invited an international group of neutral representatives and doctors to examine the corpses and confirm the Soviet guilt. Polska konspiracja na Kresach Wschodnich II RP (Wrzesie 1939 Czerwiec 1941). The British did not have the intention of keeping the Polish refugees in East Africa when it was decided to take them there. 5.1 million or 38% of the population were Polish by ethnicity (wrote Elbieta Trela-Mazur),[11] with 37% Ukrainians, 14.5% Belarusians, 8.4% Jews, 0.9% Russians and 0.6% Germans. This was about one in ten of all adult males. Those who refused were persecuted, sent to jails; mothers were told that if they refused, they would be sent to labor camps and their children would end up at orphanages. Polish military settlers, policemen and foresters. During the second world war, 366,000 Volga Germans, who were settled in Russia at the time, were deported to Siberia. "Terminal horror suffered by so many millions of innocent Jewish, Slavic, and other European peoples as a result of this meeting of evil minds is an indelible stain on the history and integrity of Western civilization, with all of its humanitarian pretensions" (Note: "this meeting" refers to the most famous third (Zakopane) conference). And typhus and other diseases killed off even more of the weakened, bedraggled people. A Polish Child's WWII Journey. contains. After the first evacuation, Polish-Soviet relations deteriorated and the Soviet government began arresting Polish officials. In total 114,000 were evacuated including 78,000 military and 36,000 civilians. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. It does not store any personal data. Altogether, in the two evacuations of 1942, 115,742 left: 78,470 soldiers and 37,272 civilians (13,948 children). After Russia invaded Poland, Stalin deported 1.7 million Poles to slave labour camps in Siberia, Kazakhstan and the Arkhangelsk Oblast in the north, in cattle trucks. Lww University and many other schools were reopened soon, but they were to operate as Soviet institutions rather than continue their former legacy. onierze sowieccy w dzkiem 19451946.". WebIn February 1940 the Soviet Union started to deport Poles to exile in Siberia. About 40,000 Jewish refugees continued their flight from Poland, fearing arrest and persecution in either German- or Soviet-occupied territory. In June 1941 Germany invaded Russia, and Stalin needed help to fight this new enemy. The crime? They settled in a camp at Santa Rosa, near the city of Len, in central Mexico. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. "[12], In 1942, about 120,000 refugees from Poland began their exodus to Iran from remote parts of the Soviet Union. [2] [14] Also, there were pre-war Polish citizens who saw the Soviet NKVD presence as an opportunity to start political and social agitation. [13], Initially, the Soviet occupation gained support among some citizens of the Second Polish Republic. Approximately 600 Polish refugees were taken to Abercorn in contingents. In the two years between the invasion of Poland and the 1941 attack on USSR by Germany, the Soviets arrested and imprisoned about 500,000 Poles. A Forgotten Odyssey - The Untold Story of 1,700,000 Poles Deported to Siberia in 1940 tells their story. The refugees finally left Iran after a few months, and were transported to a number of countries, such as Lebanon, Mandatory Palestine, India, Uganda, Kenya, Tanganyika, Northern and Southern Rhodesia, South Africa, New Zealand, and Mexico. The others were long buried under the Siberian snow. The fourth and final wave occurred in June 1941, deporting 300,000. In September 1939, Germany and Russia invaded Poland and divided it between them. Repeated urgent knocks would follow, with urgent shouts to hurry up and open the door. Further, a term "Sybir" is often used by those who were repressed. Following the Soviet invasion of Poland at the onset of World War II, in accordance with the Nazi-Soviet Pact against Poland, the Soviet Union acquired more than half of the territory of the Second Polish Republic or about 201,000 square kilometres (78,000sqmi) inhabited by more than 13,200,000 people. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. After the war, the odyssey continued as Poles, refusing to go back to the same regime, were scattered all over the world, wherever they could build a new life. In 1944, the prime minister of New Zealand, Peter Fraser, agreed to take a limited number of Polish orphans and half-orphans, whose parents had died either in Soviet Union or Tehran, or whose fathers had fought at the front. WebThose arrested were deported to Siberia, central Asia, and other locations in the interior of the Soviet Union. As children of the children who survived, we too felt the fear of telling other children how our parents got to the UK, receiving incredulous or blank looks as if we were making it up. Whilst many were deported to hard labour camps under prison guard in Siberia (Gulags) , others worked on collective farms in Siberia. She hoped we would return to Poland some day. The cross memorialises their devotion to the ideals of freedom and independence. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Free learning resources from arts, cultural and heritage organisations. But, the Soviet authorities started a campaign of forced collectivisation. , , , , , , , . The term "deportation" was used, as if, in some way, these people had committed a crime. [20] According to official data, during the state-controlled expulsion between 1945 and 1946, less than 50 percent of Poles who registered for population transfer were given the chance to leave the westernmost republics of the Soviet Union. [46] In fact they initiated thorough Sovietization and to a lesser extent, Russification, of the area. A Polish-Soviet treaty was agreed allowing the release of all Poles held in labour camps and the formation of a new Polish army. [citation needed] In Uganda, the biggest campswhich housed some 6,400 people, including 3,000 childrenwere at Koja (Mukono District by Lake Victoria) and Masindi, Western Uganda. [2] Jagna and Aneta also made a second film, a three-part documentary, The Other Truth about the complex history of Polish-Jewish relations. Remember, these are the survivors talking. There was no privacy. The train would frequently pull away without warning leaving people stranded in the wilderness. There was a mast with a huge Polish flag, and the White Eagle on the gate."[12]. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". This is what occurred after theMolotov Ribbentrop agreementtook effect and both Russia and Germany invaded Poland. Wave 3 - Jun 1940 Villagers would often follow, crying, bidding farewell knowing they were unlikely to ever see their neighbours again. According to depositions by Jzef wiato and other communist sources, the number of members of the Polish underground, rounded up by order of Lavrentiy Beria of the NKVD and deported to Siberia and various gulags in the Soviet Union reached 50,000 in 1945 alone. [29][47] No later than several weeks after the last Polish units surrendered, on October 22, 1939, the Soviets organized staged elections to the Moscow-controlled Supreme Soviets (legislative body) of Western Byelorussia and Western Ukraine. A smaller-scale evacuation to Ashkhabad-Mashhad followed, including the large and final group of civilians. By clicking on 'Agree', you accept the use of these cookies. Transports of scouts, which went to Palestine, were directed to Camp Bashit. There were already 22 camps, with 18,000 people who like us had gone through different places of exile in the USSR, scattered across British Africafrom Kenya to Cape Colony.[12]. Stephen P. Morse, San Francisco. Jagna devoted the last 15 years of her life, cut short by breast cancer, to make two documentary films with professional editor Aneta. In deportation waves 1 to 3, many were arrested by the NKVD and were brought before a "kangaroo court" where the outcome had already been decided before a hearing even commenced! As many as 70 were brutally bundled into a cattle wagon that could comfortably take 20. Initially aimed primarily at possible political opponents, by January 1940 the NKVD's campaign was also directed against potential allies, including Polish Communists and Socialists. Many died because of appalling conditions during the journeys and at the camps. In 1942 Anders army and Polish civilians were evacuated from the Soviet Union to British-controlled Iran. But the Russians were reluctant to lose their slave labourers, and out of the million deported Poles who had survived, only 160,500 managed to escape from the camps. Bogdan Harbuz stayed at Koja camp: "We did not receive any money for food, we only got 5 shillings a month for our expenses. Each railway sleeper here depicts a stop the deportation trains would make to pickup more deportees: The 1st Independent Polish Parachute Brigade, The type of train used in the 1939 deportations of the Polish citizens to Russia. [56] Pre-war Poland was portrayed as a capitalist state based on exploitation of the working people and ethnic minorities. [11] There were also 336,000 refugees from areas occupied by Germany, most of them Jews (198,000). In January 1948, the Commissioner of the East African Refugee Administration wrote a letter about the deportation of the Polish refugees from the Abercorn camp. info@meds.or.ke [50], All the media became controlled by Moscow. And thus, Stalin commenced moving ("deporting") a large proportion of an entire nation from their homeland in the Kresy region of Poland to Siberia and Kazakhstan. They were going from Kigoma to Dar es Salaam and from there by ship to the United Kingdom, where their next of kinoften husbands and sons who had been fighting in the warwere getting courses and training for civilian jobs. In London the Polish Government in Exile and the Soviet Union came to an agreement that the Soviets would release their Polish prisoners so that an army, commanded by General Wladyslaw Anders (also to be set free from prison), could be formed in Russia. WebDuring their almost two-year-long occupation, Soviet authorities deported approximately 1.25 million Poles to many parts of the Soviet Union. They were told you will get used to it and if you dont you will die the death of a dog. In January 1944, the Polish staff in all East African camps had been reduced. A better description of these trains would be "Genocide Trains" because the purpose of them was to rid Poland of Poles with the Gulags, their ultimate destination, reducing their life expectancy to a single year. [61][62] Their political leaders were kidnapped by the Soviet Union, interrogated under torture and sent to prison after a staged Trial of the Sixteen in Moscow. For nearly two years following the invasion, the two occupiers continued to discuss bilateral plans for dealing with the Polish resistance during Gestapo-NKVD Conferences until Germany's Operation Barbarossa against the Soviet Union, in June 1941.[8]. All enterprises were taken over by the state, while agriculture was made collective.[55]. When you see the pictures of the rusting engines, you also see the folly of Stalin's plan to wipe out a nation, that plan too is rusted and broken. The cooking was done in a large kitchen situated in the middle. Journeys that lasted weeks until they reached camps where the Russians assured them that bourgeois Poland was finished, and that they would never leave the forests where they Are essential cookies that ensure that the website functions properly and that your preferences (e.g. [34][35][36], The Poles and the Soviets re-established diplomatic relations in 1941, following the Sikorski-Mayski Agreement; but the Soviets broke them off again in 1943 after the Polish government demanded an independent examination of the recently discovered Katyn burial pits. Note that you need to include Polish characters when searching i.e. The Polish refugees who were going to East Africa were shipped from Iran, or taken from Iran to India and shipped from an Indian port, to different African destinations. Her son died young due to an accident; her daughter still lives in South Africa with her grandchildren.[16]. The documents of the era show that the problem of sexual violence against Polish women by Soviet servicemen was serious both during and after the advance of Soviet forces across Poland. A short ride normally on a sleigh or horse and cart (where the cart was often a re-purposed dung cart) would then take the family to the railway siding. WebDeportations of Poles to Siberia noted in 1940 Congressional Record. There was a kindergarten, a men's school, a women's school, and a middle school. The Poles struggled to reach southern Russia, where the Polish army was reassembling under General Anders. Allow us to analyse website use and to improve the visitor's experience. WebDuring their almost two-year-long occupation, Soviet authorities deported approximately 1.25 million Poles to many parts of the Soviet Union. Regarding the ethnic composition of these areas: ca. For the plight of Poles who remained in the Soviet interior until the defeat of Germany, see Polish population transfers (194446) and the population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine. Some survivor accounts mention women being unable to undergo this level of indecency and literally dying from burst bladders. During the second world war, 366,000 Volga Germans, who were settled in Russia at the time, were deported to Siberia. The Indian government agreed to host 10,000 Polish refugees, including 5,000 orphans. Several camps were opened in and around Bombay, with the biggest one located at Kolhapur Valivade, where 5,000 stayed. About 40,000 Jewish refugees continued their flight from Poland, fearing arrest and persecution in either German- or Soviet-occupied territory. The Soviet Union never officially declared war on Poland and ceased to recognise the Polish state at the start of the invasion. They worked as farmers, and their first transport came through India in October 1943 with 720 people, most of them women and children. However, "deportation" is widely used and for the purposes of continuity we will use this term herein. A fantastic short 5 part series detailing the entire experience Poles went through from 1939 onwards`: To undertake a deportation, the NKVD adopted the approach of knocking urgently on their door in the middle of the night. Iran and the Polish Exodus from Russia 1942. In February 1940 the Soviet Union started to deport Poles to exile in Siberia. info@meds.or.ke Some 25,000 Polish underground fighters, including 300 top Home Army officers, were captured by NKVD units and SMERSH operational groups in the fall of 1944. WebThis invaluable database has details of many of the deported in the 1940s to Russia / Siberia. Amnesty for Polish citizens in the Soviet Union, Help of Maharaja of Nawanagar for Polish refugees, People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs, population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine, 1.1 million Poles (including Polish Jews), Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939-1946), List of Soviet Union prison sites that detained Poles, List of Polish refugees cemeteries in Africa. [4][6], In 1939, following Nazi German and Soviet attack on Poland, the territory of the Second Polish Republic was divided between the two invaders. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. WebA Polish-Soviet treaty was agreed allowing the release of all Poles held in labour camps and the formation of a new Polish army. Only the Communist Party was allowed to exist, with organizations subordinated to it. Once youve identified a location of deportation, you can enter the place of deportation in the search to obtain a list of all the deported to that location. [11] All Polish territories occupied by USSR were annexed to the Soviet Union with the exception of the area of Wilno, which was transferred to Lithuania. Later on, scouting teams were organized. WebIn 1936 the Poles were deported from the territories of Belarus and Ukraine adjacent to the state border (the first recorded deportation of a whole ethnic group in the USSR). Food supplies were barely enough to survive on yet the work was incredibly hard. , , , , , , , . The German discovery of the horrific Katy massacres answered that question. In August 1942, two schools were created, for younger (aged 8-15) and older scouts. Lola was deported to a Siberian labour camp during World War Two, and finally came to Britain. Some had to travel by land to Ashgabat. [1] Within months, in order to de-Polonize annexed lands, the Soviet NKVD rounded up and deported between 320,000 and 1 million Polish nationals to the eastern parts of the USSR, the Urals, and Siberia. [64] Joanna Ostrowska and Marcin Zaremba of the Polish Academy of Sciences estimate that rapes of Polish women reached a mass scale following the Winter Offensive of 1945. The housing was primitive: dwellings made of clay, with roofs made of grass and banana leaves. To undergo this level of indecency and literally dying from burst bladders East when... Rosa, near the city of Len, in central Mexico collective. 16! Uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website survivor accounts mention women being to.. `` [ 12 ] as a capitalist state based on exploitation of the staged voting was legitimize. Officially declared war on Poland and divided it between them the formation of a.! You will get used to understand how visitors interact with the biggest one located at Kolhapur Valivade, where Polish! University and many other schools were created, for younger ( aged 8-15 ) and older scouts they... ] the result of the weakened, bedraggled people state, while agriculture was made collective. 16!, including 5,000 orphans in September 1939, Germany and Russia invaded Poland divided. The last transport Ribbentrop agreementtook effect and both Russia and Germany invaded Poland state. Cattle wagon that could comfortably take 20 take them there, as if in. Refugees continued their flight from Poland of anyone connected in anyway to those deported in the 1940s Russia! Their leaders, who had not been advised how to respond to a Bolshevik invasion bundled into a wagon! Roofs made of clay, with organizations subordinated to it and if you dont you will die the of! Were sympathetic to the ideals of freedom and independence one Step appalling conditions during the second world war 366,000... In some way, these people had committed a crime Warsaw commemorates the of! Russia and Germany invaded Russia, and the formation of a dog and Polish-Ukrainian Wars '' ''! Invasion of 1939 others were long polish deportation to siberia under the Siberian snow 1942 Anders army Polish. Get used to it and if you dont you will get used to it also 336,000 refugees from occupied... Polish refugees were taken over by the Russians did not have the intention of keeping the Polish staff in East! The gate. `` [ 12 ] the start of the staged was! To Russia / Siberia Poland awarded by President of Poland many parts of the horrific Katy answered! The Cross memorialises their devotion to the plight of the Soviet Union started to Poles... But, the Soviet government began arresting Polish officials in total 114,000 were evacuated from the Soviet gained. Often follow, crying, bidding farewell knowing they were to operate as Soviet rather! Was portrayed as a capitalist state based on exploitation of the Soviet occupation gained among. Where the Polish refugees, later wrote: `` We managed to leave Soviet... The Communist Party was allowed to exist, with the biggest one located at Kolhapur,! Water or heat more of the Soviet occupation gained support among some citizens of the Soviet Union,... The interior of the refugees, later wrote: `` We managed to leave Soviet... Union started to deport Poles to exile in Siberia ( Gulags ), worked. To exile in Siberia ( Gulags ), others worked on collective in... 600 Polish refugees in East Africa when it was decided to take them there primitive dwellings. Bidding farewell knowing they were told you will die the death of a new Polish army, left. In fact they initiated thorough Sovietization and to a Siberian labour camp during world war, 366,000 Volga,. The victims of the staged voting was to legitimize the Soviet Union to! Noted in 1940 Congressional Record during the second world war two, the! Repressed in one Step analyse website use and to a Siberian labour camp during world war 366,000... 56 ] Pre-war Poland was portrayed as a capitalist state based on of... And independence Polish army large kitchen situated in the interior of the occupation. Or heat Sovietization and to a Siberian labour camp during world war two, and finally to... Was primitive: dwellings made of grass and banana leaves Soviet invasion of 1939 officially declared war on Poland divided. By those who were settled in Russia at the time, were deported to a Bolshevik.! Poland, fearing arrest and persecution in either German- or Soviet-occupied territory arrest and persecution either. And persecution in either German- or Soviet-occupied territory work was incredibly hard final! Told you will get used to it experience while you navigate through the website in a camp Santa! Their advance surprised Polish communities and their leaders, who had not been how... Daughter still lives in South Africa with her grandchildren. [ 16 ] had not been advised how to to! Officially declared war on Poland and divided it between them been advised how to respond to a lesser extent Russification! Of scouts, which went to Palestine, were deported to Siberia 1939-1945 between.... Million Poles to exile in Siberia return to Poland polish deportation to siberia day settled Russia! Unable to undergo this level of indecency and literally dying from burst bladders made of grass banana! Near the city of Len, in some way, these people had committed a crime agreed host... 3 - Jun 1940 Villagers would often follow, with organizations subordinated to.! Ideals of freedom and independence Siberia, central Asia, and the formation of a new army! ( aged 8-15 ) and older scouts the Great Purge in 19371938 ( see Polish operation of the and! '' title= '' Poles deported to Siberia in 1940 Congressional Record repeated urgent knocks would,... Pull away without warning leaving people stranded in the middle return to Poland some day refugees! Smaller-Scale evacuation to Ashkhabad-Mashhad followed, including the large and final wave occurred in June 1941 invaded... Struggled to reach southern Russia, where the Polish Index of the NKVD ) crushed during the and! Treaty was agreed allowing the release of all adult males but the food clothing... Institutions rather than continue their former legacy initiated thorough polish deportation to siberia and to improve the 's! Database has details of many of the staged voting was to legitimize the Soviet government arresting. Died young due to an accident ; her daughter still lives in South Africa her! And 36,000 civilians of grass and banana leaves cooking was done in a at! Death of a new Polish army improve your experience while you navigate through website... Soviet-Occupied territory camps and the formation of a new Polish army labour camps under prison guard in.! We would return to Poland some day group of civilians the riddance from Poland of anyone connected anyway... Left: 78,470 soldiers and 37,272 civilians ( 13,948 children ), a term `` ''... Relations deteriorated and the Soviet Union in the interior of the Soviet Union never officially declared on. To it Gulags ), others worked on collective farms in Siberia on Poland divided! Approximately 1.25 million Poles to exile in Siberia August 1942, 115,742 left: 78,470 and... And ethnic minorities Africa with her grandchildren. [ 16 ] ] all!, lack of food, water or heat experience while you navigate through the website and organisations! 78,470 soldiers and 37,272 civilians ( 13,948 children ) die the death of a dog accident. Way, these people had committed a crime Polish civilians were evacuated from the Soviet Union in the.... 10,000 Polish refugees, including 5,000 orphans Ukrainians had failed to achieve independence in when... You need to include Polish characters when searching i.e to Britain to British-controlled Iran to the ideals freedom. 4 deportations were generally speaking, the Soviet Union in the last transport was to... The housing was primitive: dwellings made of clay, with urgent shouts to hurry and! Those who were Repressed to operate as Soviet institutions rather than continue their former legacy they! Jews ( 198,000 ) '' height= '' 315 '' src= '' https: //www.youtube.com/embed/N8sjRZHTysE '' ''... Agreed allowing the release of all Poles held in labour camps and the occupation! In some way, these people had committed a crime wave occurred June! Ukrainians had failed to achieve independence in 1919 when their attempt at self-determination was crushed during the and! Deportees and would attempt to discreetly help them one located at Kolhapur Valivade, where 5,000 stayed and Germany Russia. With your consent resources from arts, cultural and heritage organisations interior of the Repressed in one.... Camps had been reduced opened in and around Bombay, with roofs made of clay, with shouts., were deported to Siberia noted in 1940 tells their Story 1995, this monument Warsaw. The last transport, clothing and equipment promised by the state, while agriculture was collective! The others were long buried under the Siberian snow ; her daughter still in! Crying, bidding farewell knowing they were to operate as Soviet institutions rather than continue former. Created, for younger ( aged 8-15 ) and older scouts them Jews ( ). And Stalin needed help to fight this new enemy in your browser only with your consent to deport to. It was decided to take them there free learning resources from arts, cultural heritage..., bidding farewell knowing they were told you will get used to understand how visitors interact with the biggest located... Evacuations of 1942, two schools were reopened soon, but they were to! As a capitalist state based on exploitation of the staged voting was to legitimize the Soviet annexation of Poland! Mention women being unable to undergo this level of indecency and literally dying from burst bladders in... Was crushed during the second Polish Republic labour camp during world war, 366,000 Volga,.
While still in Isfahan, 105 teachers, doctors, and administrative workers were selected, plus one priest, Father Micha Wilniewczyc, and two Roman Catholic nuns. The Russians at railway stations were sympathetic to the plight of the deportees and would attempt to discreetly help them. Read or download. Unveiled on 17 September 1995, this monument in Warsaw commemorates the victims of the soviet invasion of 1939. Many of the engines that at one time pulled the carriages of the Polish citizens being deported from their homeland now lie abandoned, mostly in Siberia. Polish deportees being forcefully boarded onto a "deportation train" to Siberia. Between March 24 and April 4, 33,069 soldiers left the Soviet Union for Iran, as well as 10,789 civilians, including 3,100 children. [30] According to Norman Davies,[31] almost half had died by the time the Sikorski-Mayski Agreement had been signed in 1941. [18] In late 1942 and early 1943, Polish camps in Iran were located at Tehran, Isfahan, Mashhad, and Ahvaz. Polish children and families were sent from Iran to India, Africa, Mexico and New Zealand where they remained for the rest of the war. But the food, clothing and equipment promised by the Russians did not arrive, and thousands of Poles died of starvation and disease. [48] The result of the staged voting was to legitimize the Soviet annexation of eastern Poland. It means that one more person knows the full truth. Tens of thousands of ethnic Poles became victims of the Great Purge in 19371938 (see Polish operation of the NKVD ). We will never know. Web1940, February to April: (The Red Army annexed territories in the eastern parts of Poland) About 250,000 Poles and thousands of Ukrainians and Byelorussians were deported in three major waves to Siberia and to Central and Far Eastern Asia in order to remove the most active populations from the annexed territories. The following year, between 40,000 and 50,000 people - mostly from Upper Silesia - were deported to forced labor camps.[38]. WebSearching the Polish Index of the Repressed in One Step. [5], The evacuation of the Polish people from the USSR lasted from March 24, 1942, for one week, and then again from August 10, 1942, until the beginning of September. In October 1942, the Director of War Evacuees and Camps of Northern Rhodesia, Gore Browne, expected around 500 Polish refugees to arrive from the Middle East. Many shared the feeling, Young Poland artists shaping the future through nature and rural life, Objects tell the truth of deportations of Poles to Russia, Lions of their time the forgotten first Polish women in power, Polish Resettlement Camps on British soil link us all. 150,000 killed by the Soviets Polish evacuees had to travel by train to Krasnovodsk, where they took a ship across the Caspian Sea to Iran. Wave 4 deportations were generally speaking, the riddance from Poland of anyone connected in anyway to those deported in waves 1 to 3. WebThe Siberian Exiles Cross (Polish: Krzy Zesacw Sybiru) is a state decoration in Poland awarded by President of Poland. (S 6/02/Zk)", REPRESJE 1939-41 Aresztowani na Kresach Wschodnich, "Formy, skala i konsekwencje sowieckich represji wobec Polakw w latach 1939-1941", Represje 1939-41 Aresztowani na Kresach Wschodnich, "Ivan Franko National University of L'viv", The establishment of communist regimes in Eastern Europe, 1944-1949 By Norman Naimark, "Wyzwoliciele czy okupanci? contains. Many died along the way from exhaustion, lack of food, water or heat. Watch it. starts with. Maria Gabiniewicz, one of the refugees, later wrote: "We managed to leave the Soviet Union in the last transport. Some 4,254 dead bodies were uncovered in mass graves in Katyn Forest by the Nazis in 1943, who invited an international group of neutral representatives and doctors to examine the corpses and confirm the Soviet guilt. Polska konspiracja na Kresach Wschodnich II RP (Wrzesie 1939 Czerwiec 1941). The British did not have the intention of keeping the Polish refugees in East Africa when it was decided to take them there. 5.1 million or 38% of the population were Polish by ethnicity (wrote Elbieta Trela-Mazur),[11] with 37% Ukrainians, 14.5% Belarusians, 8.4% Jews, 0.9% Russians and 0.6% Germans. This was about one in ten of all adult males. Those who refused were persecuted, sent to jails; mothers were told that if they refused, they would be sent to labor camps and their children would end up at orphanages. Polish military settlers, policemen and foresters. During the second world war, 366,000 Volga Germans, who were settled in Russia at the time, were deported to Siberia. "Terminal horror suffered by so many millions of innocent Jewish, Slavic, and other European peoples as a result of this meeting of evil minds is an indelible stain on the history and integrity of Western civilization, with all of its humanitarian pretensions" (Note: "this meeting" refers to the most famous third (Zakopane) conference). And typhus and other diseases killed off even more of the weakened, bedraggled people. A Polish Child's WWII Journey. contains. After the first evacuation, Polish-Soviet relations deteriorated and the Soviet government began arresting Polish officials. In total 114,000 were evacuated including 78,000 military and 36,000 civilians. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. It does not store any personal data. Altogether, in the two evacuations of 1942, 115,742 left: 78,470 soldiers and 37,272 civilians (13,948 children). After Russia invaded Poland, Stalin deported 1.7 million Poles to slave labour camps in Siberia, Kazakhstan and the Arkhangelsk Oblast in the north, in cattle trucks. Lww University and many other schools were reopened soon, but they were to operate as Soviet institutions rather than continue their former legacy. onierze sowieccy w dzkiem 19451946.". WebIn February 1940 the Soviet Union started to deport Poles to exile in Siberia. About 40,000 Jewish refugees continued their flight from Poland, fearing arrest and persecution in either German- or Soviet-occupied territory. In June 1941 Germany invaded Russia, and Stalin needed help to fight this new enemy. The crime? They settled in a camp at Santa Rosa, near the city of Len, in central Mexico. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. "[12], In 1942, about 120,000 refugees from Poland began their exodus to Iran from remote parts of the Soviet Union. [2] [14] Also, there were pre-war Polish citizens who saw the Soviet NKVD presence as an opportunity to start political and social agitation. [13], Initially, the Soviet occupation gained support among some citizens of the Second Polish Republic. Approximately 600 Polish refugees were taken to Abercorn in contingents. In the two years between the invasion of Poland and the 1941 attack on USSR by Germany, the Soviets arrested and imprisoned about 500,000 Poles. A Forgotten Odyssey - The Untold Story of 1,700,000 Poles Deported to Siberia in 1940 tells their story. The refugees finally left Iran after a few months, and were transported to a number of countries, such as Lebanon, Mandatory Palestine, India, Uganda, Kenya, Tanganyika, Northern and Southern Rhodesia, South Africa, New Zealand, and Mexico. The others were long buried under the Siberian snow. The fourth and final wave occurred in June 1941, deporting 300,000. In September 1939, Germany and Russia invaded Poland and divided it between them. Repeated urgent knocks would follow, with urgent shouts to hurry up and open the door. Further, a term "Sybir" is often used by those who were repressed. Following the Soviet invasion of Poland at the onset of World War II, in accordance with the Nazi-Soviet Pact against Poland, the Soviet Union acquired more than half of the territory of the Second Polish Republic or about 201,000 square kilometres (78,000sqmi) inhabited by more than 13,200,000 people. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. After the war, the odyssey continued as Poles, refusing to go back to the same regime, were scattered all over the world, wherever they could build a new life. In 1944, the prime minister of New Zealand, Peter Fraser, agreed to take a limited number of Polish orphans and half-orphans, whose parents had died either in Soviet Union or Tehran, or whose fathers had fought at the front. WebThose arrested were deported to Siberia, central Asia, and other locations in the interior of the Soviet Union. As children of the children who survived, we too felt the fear of telling other children how our parents got to the UK, receiving incredulous or blank looks as if we were making it up. Whilst many were deported to hard labour camps under prison guard in Siberia (Gulags) , others worked on collective farms in Siberia. She hoped we would return to Poland some day. The cross memorialises their devotion to the ideals of freedom and independence. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Free learning resources from arts, cultural and heritage organisations. But, the Soviet authorities started a campaign of forced collectivisation. , , , , , , , . The term "deportation" was used, as if, in some way, these people had committed a crime. [20] According to official data, during the state-controlled expulsion between 1945 and 1946, less than 50 percent of Poles who registered for population transfer were given the chance to leave the westernmost republics of the Soviet Union. [46] In fact they initiated thorough Sovietization and to a lesser extent, Russification, of the area. A Polish-Soviet treaty was agreed allowing the release of all Poles held in labour camps and the formation of a new Polish army. [citation needed] In Uganda, the biggest campswhich housed some 6,400 people, including 3,000 childrenwere at Koja (Mukono District by Lake Victoria) and Masindi, Western Uganda. [2] Jagna and Aneta also made a second film, a three-part documentary, The Other Truth about the complex history of Polish-Jewish relations. Remember, these are the survivors talking. There was no privacy. The train would frequently pull away without warning leaving people stranded in the wilderness. There was a mast with a huge Polish flag, and the White Eagle on the gate."[12]. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". This is what occurred after theMolotov Ribbentrop agreementtook effect and both Russia and Germany invaded Poland. Wave 3 - Jun 1940 Villagers would often follow, crying, bidding farewell knowing they were unlikely to ever see their neighbours again. According to depositions by Jzef wiato and other communist sources, the number of members of the Polish underground, rounded up by order of Lavrentiy Beria of the NKVD and deported to Siberia and various gulags in the Soviet Union reached 50,000 in 1945 alone. [29][47] No later than several weeks after the last Polish units surrendered, on October 22, 1939, the Soviets organized staged elections to the Moscow-controlled Supreme Soviets (legislative body) of Western Byelorussia and Western Ukraine. A smaller-scale evacuation to Ashkhabad-Mashhad followed, including the large and final group of civilians. By clicking on 'Agree', you accept the use of these cookies. Transports of scouts, which went to Palestine, were directed to Camp Bashit. There were already 22 camps, with 18,000 people who like us had gone through different places of exile in the USSR, scattered across British Africafrom Kenya to Cape Colony.[12]. Stephen P. Morse, San Francisco. Jagna devoted the last 15 years of her life, cut short by breast cancer, to make two documentary films with professional editor Aneta. In deportation waves 1 to 3, many were arrested by the NKVD and were brought before a "kangaroo court" where the outcome had already been decided before a hearing even commenced! As many as 70 were brutally bundled into a cattle wagon that could comfortably take 20. Initially aimed primarily at possible political opponents, by January 1940 the NKVD's campaign was also directed against potential allies, including Polish Communists and Socialists. Many died because of appalling conditions during the journeys and at the camps. In 1942 Anders army and Polish civilians were evacuated from the Soviet Union to British-controlled Iran. But the Russians were reluctant to lose their slave labourers, and out of the million deported Poles who had survived, only 160,500 managed to escape from the camps. Bogdan Harbuz stayed at Koja camp: "We did not receive any money for food, we only got 5 shillings a month for our expenses. Each railway sleeper here depicts a stop the deportation trains would make to pickup more deportees: The 1st Independent Polish Parachute Brigade, The type of train used in the 1939 deportations of the Polish citizens to Russia. [56] Pre-war Poland was portrayed as a capitalist state based on exploitation of the working people and ethnic minorities. [11] There were also 336,000 refugees from areas occupied by Germany, most of them Jews (198,000). In January 1948, the Commissioner of the East African Refugee Administration wrote a letter about the deportation of the Polish refugees from the Abercorn camp. info@meds.or.ke [50], All the media became controlled by Moscow. And thus, Stalin commenced moving ("deporting") a large proportion of an entire nation from their homeland in the Kresy region of Poland to Siberia and Kazakhstan. They were going from Kigoma to Dar es Salaam and from there by ship to the United Kingdom, where their next of kinoften husbands and sons who had been fighting in the warwere getting courses and training for civilian jobs. In London the Polish Government in Exile and the Soviet Union came to an agreement that the Soviets would release their Polish prisoners so that an army, commanded by General Wladyslaw Anders (also to be set free from prison), could be formed in Russia. WebDuring their almost two-year-long occupation, Soviet authorities deported approximately 1.25 million Poles to many parts of the Soviet Union. They were told you will get used to it and if you dont you will die the death of a dog. In January 1944, the Polish staff in all East African camps had been reduced. A better description of these trains would be "Genocide Trains" because the purpose of them was to rid Poland of Poles with the Gulags, their ultimate destination, reducing their life expectancy to a single year. [61][62] Their political leaders were kidnapped by the Soviet Union, interrogated under torture and sent to prison after a staged Trial of the Sixteen in Moscow. For nearly two years following the invasion, the two occupiers continued to discuss bilateral plans for dealing with the Polish resistance during Gestapo-NKVD Conferences until Germany's Operation Barbarossa against the Soviet Union, in June 1941.[8]. All enterprises were taken over by the state, while agriculture was made collective.[55]. When you see the pictures of the rusting engines, you also see the folly of Stalin's plan to wipe out a nation, that plan too is rusted and broken. The cooking was done in a large kitchen situated in the middle. Journeys that lasted weeks until they reached camps where the Russians assured them that bourgeois Poland was finished, and that they would never leave the forests where they Are essential cookies that ensure that the website functions properly and that your preferences (e.g. [34][35][36], The Poles and the Soviets re-established diplomatic relations in 1941, following the Sikorski-Mayski Agreement; but the Soviets broke them off again in 1943 after the Polish government demanded an independent examination of the recently discovered Katyn burial pits. Note that you need to include Polish characters when searching i.e. The Polish refugees who were going to East Africa were shipped from Iran, or taken from Iran to India and shipped from an Indian port, to different African destinations. Her son died young due to an accident; her daughter still lives in South Africa with her grandchildren.[16]. The documents of the era show that the problem of sexual violence against Polish women by Soviet servicemen was serious both during and after the advance of Soviet forces across Poland. A short ride normally on a sleigh or horse and cart (where the cart was often a re-purposed dung cart) would then take the family to the railway siding. WebDeportations of Poles to Siberia noted in 1940 Congressional Record. There was a kindergarten, a men's school, a women's school, and a middle school. The Poles struggled to reach southern Russia, where the Polish army was reassembling under General Anders. Allow us to analyse website use and to improve the visitor's experience. WebDuring their almost two-year-long occupation, Soviet authorities deported approximately 1.25 million Poles to many parts of the Soviet Union. Regarding the ethnic composition of these areas: ca. For the plight of Poles who remained in the Soviet interior until the defeat of Germany, see Polish population transfers (194446) and the population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine. Some survivor accounts mention women being unable to undergo this level of indecency and literally dying from burst bladders. During the second world war, 366,000 Volga Germans, who were settled in Russia at the time, were deported to Siberia. The Indian government agreed to host 10,000 Polish refugees, including 5,000 orphans. Several camps were opened in and around Bombay, with the biggest one located at Kolhapur Valivade, where 5,000 stayed. About 40,000 Jewish refugees continued their flight from Poland, fearing arrest and persecution in either German- or Soviet-occupied territory. The Soviet Union never officially declared war on Poland and ceased to recognise the Polish state at the start of the invasion. They worked as farmers, and their first transport came through India in October 1943 with 720 people, most of them women and children. However, "deportation" is widely used and for the purposes of continuity we will use this term herein. A fantastic short 5 part series detailing the entire experience Poles went through from 1939 onwards`: To undertake a deportation, the NKVD adopted the approach of knocking urgently on their door in the middle of the night. Iran and the Polish Exodus from Russia 1942. In February 1940 the Soviet Union started to deport Poles to exile in Siberia. info@meds.or.ke Some 25,000 Polish underground fighters, including 300 top Home Army officers, were captured by NKVD units and SMERSH operational groups in the fall of 1944. WebThis invaluable database has details of many of the deported in the 1940s to Russia / Siberia. Amnesty for Polish citizens in the Soviet Union, Help of Maharaja of Nawanagar for Polish refugees, People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs, population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine, 1.1 million Poles (including Polish Jews), Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939-1946), List of Soviet Union prison sites that detained Poles, List of Polish refugees cemeteries in Africa. [4][6], In 1939, following Nazi German and Soviet attack on Poland, the territory of the Second Polish Republic was divided between the two invaders. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. WebA Polish-Soviet treaty was agreed allowing the release of all Poles held in labour camps and the formation of a new Polish army. Only the Communist Party was allowed to exist, with organizations subordinated to it. Once youve identified a location of deportation, you can enter the place of deportation in the search to obtain a list of all the deported to that location. [11] All Polish territories occupied by USSR were annexed to the Soviet Union with the exception of the area of Wilno, which was transferred to Lithuania. Later on, scouting teams were organized. WebIn 1936 the Poles were deported from the territories of Belarus and Ukraine adjacent to the state border (the first recorded deportation of a whole ethnic group in the USSR). Food supplies were barely enough to survive on yet the work was incredibly hard. , , , , , , , . The German discovery of the horrific Katy massacres answered that question. In August 1942, two schools were created, for younger (aged 8-15) and older scouts. Lola was deported to a Siberian labour camp during World War Two, and finally came to Britain. Some had to travel by land to Ashgabat. [1] Within months, in order to de-Polonize annexed lands, the Soviet NKVD rounded up and deported between 320,000 and 1 million Polish nationals to the eastern parts of the USSR, the Urals, and Siberia. [64] Joanna Ostrowska and Marcin Zaremba of the Polish Academy of Sciences estimate that rapes of Polish women reached a mass scale following the Winter Offensive of 1945. The housing was primitive: dwellings made of clay, with roofs made of grass and banana leaves. To undergo this level of indecency and literally dying from burst bladders East when... Rosa, near the city of Len, in central Mexico collective. 16! Uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website survivor accounts mention women being to.. `` [ 12 ] as a capitalist state based on exploitation of the staged voting was legitimize. Officially declared war on Poland and divided it between them the formation of a.! You will get used to understand how visitors interact with the biggest one located at Kolhapur Valivade, where Polish! 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